OFFSET
0,2
COMMENTS
For n >= 1, a(n) is the maximal number of pieces that can be obtained by cutting an annulus with n cuts. See illustration. - Robert G. Wilson v
n(n-3)/2 (n >= 3) is the number of diagonals of an n-gon. - Antreas P. Hatzipolakis (xpolakis(AT)otenet.gr)
n(n-3)/2 (n >= 4) is the degree of the third-smallest irreducible presentation of the symmetric group S_n (cf. James and Kerber, Appendix 1).
a(n) is also the multiplicity of the eigenvalue (-2) of the triangle graph Delta(n+1). (See p. 19 in Biggs.) - Felix Goldberg (felixg(AT)tx.technion.ac.il), Nov 25 2001
For n > 3, a(n-3) = dimension of the traveling salesman polytope T(n). - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 18 2002
Also counts quasi-dominoes (quasi-2-ominoes) on an n X n board. Cf. A094170-A094172. - Jon Wild, May 07 2004
Coefficient of x^2 in (1 + x + 2*x^2)^n. - Michael Somos, May 26 2004
a(n) is the number of "prime" n-dimensional polyominoes. A "prime" n-polyomino cannot be formed by connecting any other n-polyominoes except for the n-monomino and the n-monomino is not prime. E.g., for n=1, the 1-monomino is the line of length 1 and the only "prime" 1-polyominoes are the lines of length 2 and 3. This refers to "free" n-dimensional polyominoes, i.e., that can be rotated along any axis. - Bryan Jacobs (bryanjj(AT)gmail.com), Apr 01 2005
Solutions to the quadratic equation q(m, r) = (-3 +- sqrt(9 + 8(m - r))) / 2, where m - r is included in a(n). Let t(m) = the triangular number (A000217) less than some number k and r = k - t(m). If k is neither prime nor a power of two and m - r is included in A000096, then m - q(m, r) will produce a value that shares a divisor with k. - Andrew S. Plewe, Jun 18 2005
Sum_{k=2..n+1} 4/(k*(k+1)*(k-1)) = ((n+3)*n)/((n+2)*(n+1)). Numerator(Sum_{k=2..n+1} 4/(k*(k+1)*(k-1))) = (n+3)*n/2. - Alexander Adamchuk, Apr 11 2006
Number of rooted trees with n+3 nodes of valence 1, no nodes of valence 2 and exactly two other nodes. I.e., number of planted trees with n+2 leaves and exactly two branch points. - Theo Johnson-Freyd (theojf(AT)berkeley.edu), Jun 10 2007
If X is an n-set and Y a fixed 2-subset of X then a(n-2) is equal to the number of (n-2)-subsets of X intersecting Y. - Milan Janjic, Jul 30 2007
For n >= 1, a(n) is the number of distinct shuffles of the identity permutation on n+1 letters with the identity permutation on 2 letters (12). - Camillia Smith Barnes, Oct 04 2008
If s(n) is a sequence defined as s(1) = x, s(n) = kn + s(n-1) + p for n > 1, then s(n) = a(n-1)*k + (n-1)*p + x. - Gary Detlefs, Mar 04 2010
The only primes are a(1) = 2 and a(2) = 5. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 18 2011
a(n) = m such that the (m+1)-th triangular number minus the m-th triangular number is the (n+1)-th triangular number: (m+1)(m+2)/2 - m(m+1)/2 = (n+1)(n+2)/2. - Zak Seidov, Jan 22 2012
For n >= 1, number of different values that Sum_{k=1..n} c(k)*k can take where the c(k) are 0 or 1. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 24 2012
On an n X n chessboard (n >= 2), the number of possible checkmate positions in the case of king and rook versus a lone king is 0, 16, 40, 72, 112, 160, 216, 280, 352, ..., which is 8*a(n-2). For a 4 X 4 board the number is 40. The number of positions possible was counted including all mirror images and rotations for all four sides of the board. - Jose Abutal, Nov 19 2013
If k = a(i-1) or k = a(i+1) and n = k + a(i), then C(n, k-1), C(n, k), C(n, k+1) are three consecutive binomial coefficients in arithmetic progression and these are all the solutions. There are no four consecutive binomial coefficients in arithmetic progression. - Michael Somos, Nov 11 2015
a(n-1) is also the number of independent components of a symmetric traceless tensor of rank 2 and dimension n >= 1. - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 10 2015
Numbers k such that 8k + 9 is a square. - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Apr 05 2016
a(n) = (n+1)^2 - A000124(n).- Anton Zakharov, Jun 29 2016
Let phi_(D,rho) be the average value of a generic degree D monic polynomial f when evaluated at the roots of the rho-th derivative of f, expressed as a polynomial in the averaged symmetric polynomials in the roots of f. [See the Wojnar et al. link] The "last" term of phi_(D,rho) is a multiple of the product of all roots of f; the coefficient is expressible as a polynomial h_D(N) in N:=D-rho. These polynomials are of the form h_D(N)= ((-1)^D/(D-1)!)*(D-N)*N^chi*g_D(N) where chi = (1 if D is odd, 0 if D is even) and g_D(N) is a monic polynomial of degree (D-2-chi). Then a(n) are the negated coefficients of the next to the highest order term in the polynomials N^chi*g_D(N), starting at D=3. - Gregory Gerard Wojnar, Jul 19 2017
For n >= 2, a(n) is the number of summations required to solve the linear regression of n variables (n-1 independent variables and 1 dependent variable). - Felipe Pedraza-Oropeza, Dec 07 2017
For n >= 2, a(n) is the number of sums required to solve the linear regression of n variables: 5 for two variables (sums of X, Y, X^2, Y^2, X*Y), 9 for 3 variables (sums of X1, X2, Y1, X1^2, X1*X2, X1*Y, X2^2, X2*Y, Y^2), and so on. - Felipe Pedraza-Oropeza, Jan 11 2018
a(n) is the area of a triangle with vertices at (n, n+1), ((n+1)*(n+2)/2, (n+2)*(n+3)/2), ((n+2)^2, (n+3)^2). - J. M. Bergot, Jan 25 2018
Number of terms less than 10^k: 1, 4, 13, 44, 140, 446, 1413, 4471, 14141, 44720, 141420, 447213, ... - Muniru A Asiru, Jan 25 2018
a(n) is also the number of irredundant sets in the (n+1)-path complement graph for n > 2. - Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 11 2018
a(n) is also the largest number k such that the largest Dyck path of the symmetric representation of sigma(k) has exactly n peaks, n >= 1. (Cf. A237593.) - Omar E. Pol, Sep 04 2018
For n > 0, a(n) is the number of facets of associahedra. Cf. A033282 and A126216 and their refinements A111785 and A133437 for related combinatorial and analytic constructs. See p. 40 of Hanson and Sha for a relation to projective spaces and string theory. - Tom Copeland, Jan 03 2021
For n > 0, a(n) is the number of bipartite graphs with 2n or 2n+1 edges, no isolated vertices, and a stable set of cardinality 2. - Christian Barrientos, Jun 13 2022
For n >= 2, a(n-2) is the number of permutations in S_n which are the product of two different transpositions of adjacent points. - Zbigniew Wojciechowski, Mar 31 2023
a(n) represents the optimal stop-number to achieve the highest running score for the Greedy Pig game with an (n-1)-sided die with a loss on a 1. The total at which one should stop is a(s-1), e.g. for a 6-sided die, one should pass the die at 20. See Sparks and Haran. - Nicholas Stefan Georgescu, Jun 09 2024
REFERENCES
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), Table 22.7, p. 797.
Norman Biggs, Algebraic Graph Theory, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
G. James and A. Kerber, The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group, Encyclopedia of Maths. and its Appls., Vol. 16, Addison-Wesley, 1981, Reading, MA, U.S.A.
D. G. Kendall et al., Shape and Shape Theory, Wiley, 1999; see p. 4.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
LINKS
Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
D. Applegate, R. Bixby, V. Chvatal and W. Cook, On the solution of traveling salesman problem, In : Int. Congress of mathematics (Berlin 1998), Documenta Math., Extra Volume ICM 1998, Vol. III, pp. 645-656.
J.-L. Baril, Classical sequences revisited with permutations avoiding dotted pattern, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 18 (2011), #P178.
Robert Davis and Greg Simay, Further Combinatorics and Applications of Two-Toned Tilings, arXiv:2001.11089 [math.CO], 2020.
L. Euler, Sur une contradiction apparente dans la doctrine des lignes courbes, Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Berlin, 4, 219-233, 1750 Reprinted in Opera Omnia, Series I, Vol. 26. pp. 33-45.
Mareike Fischer, Extremal values of the Sackin balance index for rooted binary trees, arXiv:1801.10418 [q-bio.PE], 2018.
Mareike Fischer, Extremal Values of the Sackin Tree Balance Index, Ann. Comb. (2021) Vol. 25, 515-541, Theorem 1.
A. Hanson and J. Sha, A Contour Integral Representation for the Dual Five-Point Function and a Symmetry of the Genus Four Surface in R6, arXiv preprint arXiv:0510064 [math-ph], 2005.
F. T. Howard and Curtis Cooper, Some identities for r-Fibonacci numbers, Fibonacci Quart. 49 (2011), no. 3, 231-243.
S. P. Humphries, Home page
S. P. Humphries, Braid groups, infinite Lie algebras of Cartan type and rings of invariants, Topology and its Applications, 95 (3) (1999) pp. 173-205.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 1018
Milan Janjic, Two Enumerative Functions
A. McLeod and W. O. J. Moser, Counting cyclic binary strings, Math. Mag., 80 (No. 1, 2007), 29-37.
Yashar Memarian, On the Maximum Number of Vertices of Minimal Embedded Graphs, arXiv:0910.2469 [math.CO], 2009-15. [Jonathan Vos Post, Oct 14 2009]
Ângela Mestre and José Agapito, A Family of Riordan Group Automorphisms, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 22 (2019), Article 19.8.5.
E. Pérez Herrero, Binomial Matrix (I), Psychedelic Geometry Blogspot 09/22/09. [Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 22 2009]
T. Manneville and V. Pilaud, Compatibility fans for graphical nested complexes, arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.07152 [math.CO], 2015.
P. Moree, Convoluted convolved Fibonacci numbers, arXiv:math/0311205 [math.CO], 2003.
P. Moree, Convoluted Convolved Fibonacci Numbers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 7 (2004), Article 04.2.2.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Maria J. Rodriguez, Black holes in all, The KIAS Newsletter, Vol.3, pp.29-34, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Dec. 2010.
E. Sandifer, How Euler Did It: Cramer's Paradox
N. J. A. Sloane, How to cut an annulus into 9 pieces with three cuts.
Ben Sparks and Brady Haran, The Math of Being a Greedy Pig, Numberphile video, 2021.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Cramer-Euler Paradox
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Irredundant Set
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Path Complement Graph
G. G. Wojnar, D. Sz. Wojnar, and L. Q. Brin, Universal Peculiar Linear Mean Relationships in All Polynomials, arXiv:1706.08381 [math.GM], 2017.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-3,1).
FORMULA
G.f.: A(x) = x*(2-x)/(1-x)^3. a(n) = binomial(n+1, n-1) + binomial(n, n-1).
Connection with triangular numbers: a(n) = A000217(n+1) - 1.
a(n) = a(n-1) + n + 1. - Bryan Jacobs (bryanjj(AT)gmail.com), Apr 01 2005
a(n) = 2*t(n) - t(n-1) where t() are the triangular numbers, e.g., a(5) = 2*t(5) - t(4) = 2*15 - 10 = 20. - Jon Perry, Jul 23 2003
a(-3-n) = a(n). - Michael Somos, May 26 2004
a(n) = C(3+n, 2) - C(3+n, 1). - Zerinvary Lajos, Dec 09 2005
a(n) = A126890(n,1) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 30 2006
a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) + a(n-3). - Paul Curtz, Jan 02 2008
Starting (2, 5, 9, 14, ...) = binomial transform of (2, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 03 2008
A002262(a(n)) = n. - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 20 2009
Let A be the Toeplitz matrix of order n defined by: A[i,i-1]=-1, A[i,j]=Catalan(j-i), (i<=j), and A[i,j]=0, otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n-1)=coeff(charpoly(A,x),x^(n-2)). - Milan Janjic, Jul 08 2010
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (k+1)!/k!. - Gary Detlefs, Aug 03 2010
a(n) = n(n+1)/2 + n = A000217(n) + n. - Zak Seidov, Jan 22 2012
E.g.f.: F(x) = 1/2*x*exp(x)*(x+4) satisfies the differential equation F''(x) - 2*F'(x) + F(x) = exp(x). - Peter Bala, Mar 14 2012
a(n) = binomial(n+3, 2) - (n+3). - Robert G. Wilson v, Mar 15 2012
a(n) = A181971(n+1, 2) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 09 2012
a(n) = A214292(n+2, 1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 12 2012
G.f.: -U(0) where U(k) = 1 - 1/((1-x)^2 - x*(1-x)^4/(x*(1-x)^2 - 1/U(k+1))); (continued fraction, 3-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 27 2012
A023532(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 04 2012
a(n) = A014132(n,n) for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 12 2012
a(n-1) = (1/n!)*Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(n,j)*(-1)^(n-j)*j^n*(j-1). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Jun 06 2013
a(n) = 2n - floor(n/2) + floor(n^2/2). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 15 2013
a(n) = Sum_{i=2..n+1} i. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 28 2013
Sum_{n>0} 1/a(n) = 11/9. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Nov 26 2013
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} (n - i + 2). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Mar 31 2014
A023531(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 14 2015
For n > 0: a(n) = A101881(2*n-1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 20 2015
a(n) + a(n-1) = A008865(n+1) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Nov 11 2015
a(n+1) = A127672(4+n, n), n >= 0, where A127672 gives the coefficients of the Chebyshev C polynomials. See the Abramowitz-Stegun reference. - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 10 2015
a(n) = (n+1)^2 - A000124(n). - Anton Zakharov, Jun 29 2016
Dirichlet g.f.: (zeta(s-2) + 3*zeta(s-1))/2. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jun 30 2016
a(n) = Stirling2(n+2, n+1) - 1. - Peter Luschny, Jan 05 2021
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = 4*log(2)/3 - 5/9. - Amiram Eldar, Jan 10 2021
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 20 2021: (Start)
Product_{n>=1} (1 + 1/a(n)) = 3.
Product_{n>=1} (1 - 1/a(n)) = 3*cos(sqrt(17)*Pi/2)/(4*Pi). (End)
EXAMPLE
G.f. = 2*x + 5*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 14*x^4 + 20*x^5 + 27*x^6 + 35*x^7 + 44*x^8 + 54*x^9 + ...
MAPLE
A000096 :=z*(-2+z)/(z-1)**3; # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
MATHEMATICA
Table[n*(n+3)/2, {n, 0, 100}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Oct 25 2008 *)
LinearRecurrence[{3, -3, 1}, {0, 2, 5}, 60] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 30 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) {a(n) = n * (n+3)/2}; \\ Michael Somos, May 26 2004
(PARI) first(n) = Vec(x*(2-x)/(1-x)^3 + O(x^n), -n) \\ Iain Fox, Dec 12 2017
(Haskell)
a000096 n = n * (n + 3) `div` 2
a000096_list = [x | x <- [0..], a023531 x == 1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 14 2015, Dec 04 2012
(Magma) [n*(n+3)/2: n in [0..60]]; or [n: n in [0..2300] | IsSquare(8*n+9)]; // Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Apr 05 2016
(GAP) a := List([0..1000], n -> n*(n+3)/2); # Muniru A Asiru, Jan 25 2018
CROSSREFS
Complement of A007401. Column 2 of A145324. Column of triangle A014473, first skew subdiagonal of A033282, a diagonal of A079508.
Occurs as a diagonal in A074079/A074080, i.e., A074079(n+3, n) = A000096(n-1) for all n >= 2. Also A074092(n) = 2^n * A000096(n-1) after n >= 2.
Cf. numbers of the form n*(n*k-k+4)/2 listed in A226488.
Similar sequences are listed in A316466.
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,nice
AUTHOR
STATUS
approved