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Decomposition into weight * level + jump

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The main goal of this page is to provide a new way to see certain numbers by their decomposition into weight × level + jump. We see the Fundamental theorem of arithmetic and the sieve of Eratosthenes in the decomposition of natural numbers. Applied to prime numbers, this decomposition is used to obtain a new classification of primes.

arXiv:0711.0865 [math.NT]: Decomposition into weight * level + jump and application to a new classification of prime numbers, 2007 - 2010.

Principles

Principle of decomposition: we choose the smallest weight such that in the Euclidean division of a number by its weight, the remainder is the jump (first difference, gap). The quotient will be the level.

Principles of classification: if the number is not decomposable, it is not classified. If the weight is greater than the level then the number is classified by level, if not then it is classified by weight.

Definitions

Let be a strictly increasing integer sequence.

Jump

The jump (first difference, gap) of is defined as

l(n)

l(n) is defined as

Alternative definition with mod function

Weight

The weight of is defined as

Alternative definition with mod function

Level

The level of is defined as

Decomposition criterion

A strictly increasing integer sequence, can be decomposed into weight × level + jump when is different from 0 which can be rewritten when:

or

or

Unique decomposition

The weight is the smallest such that in the Euclidean division of by its weight , the quotient is the level , and the remainder is the jump . We have the unique decomposition

Principles of classification

  • If for ,

then is not classified.

  • If for ,

then is classified by level, if not then it is classified by weight.

Algorithms

Decomp algo.jpg

Naive algorithm (PARI/GP):

decompnaive(n,n1)={
	/*strictly increasing*/
	if(n>=n1,print("n1 must be greater than n");return);
	/*jump*/
	d=n1-n;
	/*l=n-d if n>2*d else the number is not decomposable*/
	if(n>2*d,l=n-d,print(d, ", 0, 0");return);
	/*we look for the weight to jump+1 until l*/
	for(k=d+1,l,if(n%k==d,print(n," = ",k," * ",l/k," + ",d);return));
}

Algorithm "newSieve":

decompsieve(n,n1)={
	/*strictly increasing*/
	if(n>=n1,print("n1 must be greater than n");return);
	/*jump*/
	d=n1-n;
	/*l=n-d if n>2*d else the number is not decomposable*/
	if(n>2*d,l=n-d,print(d, ", 0, 0");return);
	/*we look for the weight to jump+1 until sqrt(l)*/
	for(k=d+1,sqrt(l),if(n%k==d,print(n," = ",k," * ",l/k," + ",d);return));
	/*we look for the level to jump until 1 (--)*/
	forstep(le=d,1,-1,if(n%floor(l/le)==d,print(n," = ",l/le," * ",le," + ",d);return));
}

Algorithm "newSieve" is the fastest for numbers classified by level.

General remarks

The sequence with the greatest growth that can be decomposed is A003312.

Throughout this page, the jump is the first difference but we can take the second, third... difference. See A133346 and A133347 for primes.

Decomposition of natural numbers

If the decomposition is possible (i.e. if ), we have:

The weight is the smallest prime factor of and the level is the largest proper divisor of . The natural numbers classified by weight are the and the natural numbers classified by level are the . Since the jump is constant, this decomposition can be reduced as the decomposition of into weight × level, and by decomposing successively the level, we come back to the Fundamental theorem of arithmetic. We see the Fundamental theorem of arithmetic and the sieve of Eratosthenes on the graph.

Plot of log(A020639) vs log(A032742) for n ≤ 10^4, the sieve of Eratosthenes (OEIS graph):

Naturaldecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of prime numbers

, and are the only primes not decomposable[1]. Except for , and , the decomposition into weight × level + jump of prime numbers is:

Plot of log(A117078) vs log(A117563) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Primedecomp2d.jpg

A classification of primes connected to the OEIS

Primes class connectOEIS.jpg

Primes of level (1;i)

Principle of classification for primes of level 1:

  • If for , is a prime says then is of level (1;i).

Direct relations

For different from 2, 3 and 7, we have:

Primes classified by weight

For primes classified by weight (Cf. A162175) (primes for which ), we have:

82,89 % of primes are classified by weight for .

We can see that by definition, the primes classified by weight follow Legendre's conjecture and Andrica's conjecture.

Primes classified by level

For primes classified by level (Cf. A162174) (primes for which ), we have:

17,11 % of primes are classified by level for .

Knowing that the primes are rarefying among the natural numbers and according to the numerical data, we make the following conjecture:

Lesser of twin primes

If is a lesser of twin prime greater than then has a weight of . If has a weight of then is a lesser of twin prime greater than [1].

Conjectures

The well-known conjecture on the existence of an infinity of twin primes can be rewritten as:

  • Conjecture 1: The number of primes with a weight equal to 3 is infinite.

To extend this conjecture we make these two conjectures:

  • Conjecture 2: The number of primes with a weight equal to k is infinite for any which is not a multiple of 2;
  • Conjecture 3: The number of primes of level is infinite for any which is not a multiple of 2.

 

  • Conjecture 4: Except for p(6) = 13, p(11) = 31, p(30) = 113, p(32) = 131 et p(154) = 887, primes which are classified by level have a weight which is itself a prime.


  The conjecture on the existence of an infinity of balanced primes can be rewritten as:

That we can easily generalize by:

 

  • Conjecture 7: If the jump g(n) is not a multiple of 6 then l(n) is a multiple of 3. (trivial)
  • Conjecture 8: If l(n) is not a multiple of 3 then jump the g(n) is a multiple of 6. (trivial)


  Knowing that the primes are rarefying among the natural numbers and according to the numerical data, we make the following conjecture:

Decomposition of odd numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A090368) vs log(A184726) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Odddecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of even numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A090369) vs log(A184727) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Evendecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of composite numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A130882) vs log(A179621) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Compositedecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of semiprimes

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A130533) vs log(A184729) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Semiprimedecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of 3-almost primes

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A130650) vs log(A184753) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

3almostdecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of lucky numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A130889) vs log(A184828) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Luckydecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of prime powers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A184829) vs log(A184831) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Ppowerdecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of squarefree numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A184832) vs log(A184834) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Squarefreedecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of triangular numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A130703) vs log(A184219) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Triangdecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of squares

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A133150) vs log(A184221) for n ≤ 10^4 (OEIS graph):

Squaredecomp2d.jpg

Decomposition of pentagonal numbers

If the decomposition is possible, we have:

Plot of log(A133151) vs log(A184751) for n ≤ 10^3 (OEIS graph):

Pentagonaldecomp2d.jpg

Sequences

Sequences related to the decomposition.

See also

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 Rémi Eismann, arXiv:0711.0865 (pdf) [1]

External links

  • arXiv:0711.0865 [math.NT]: Decomposition into weight * level + jump and application to a new classification of primes, 2007 - 2010, Rémi Eismann.