|
| |
|
|
A001678
|
|
Number of series-reduced planted trees with n nodes.
(Formerly M0768 N0293)
|
|
144
|
|
|
|
0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 19, 35, 67, 127, 248, 482, 952, 1885, 3765, 7546, 15221, 30802, 62620, 127702, 261335, 536278, 1103600, 2276499, 4706985, 9752585, 20247033, 42110393, 87733197, 183074638, 382599946, 800701320, 1677922740, 3520581954
(list;
graph;
refs;
listen;
history;
text;
internal format)
|
|
|
|
OFFSET
|
0,7
|
|
|
COMMENTS
|
The initial term is 0 by convention, though a good case can be made that it should be 1 instead.
Series-reduced trees contain no node with valency 2; see A000014 for the unrooted series-reduced trees. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 03 2015
For n>=2, a(n+1) is the number of unordered rooted trees (see A000081) with n nodes where nodes cannot have out-degree 1, see example. Imposing the condition only at non-root nodes gives A198518. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 28 2014
For n>=3, a(n+1) is the number of unordered rooted trees with n nodes where all limbs are of length >= 2. Limbs are the paths from the leafs (towards the root) to the nearest branching point (with the root considered to be a branching point). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 03 2015
A rooted tree is lone-child-avoiding if no vertex has exactly one child, and topologically series-reduced if no vertex has degree 2. This sequence counts unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n - 1 vertices. Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679, which is essentially the same as A059123. - Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020
|
|
|
REFERENCES
|
D. G. Cantor, personal communication.
J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 525.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 62.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
|
|
|
LINKS
|
|
|
|
FORMULA
|
G.f.: A(x) satisfies A(x) = (x^2/(1+x))*exp( Sum_{k>=1} A(x^k)/(k*x^k) ) [Harary and E. M. Palmer, 1973, p. 62, Eq. (3.3.8)].
G.f.: A(x) = Sum_{n>=2} a(n) * x^n = x^2 / ((1 + x) * Product_{k>0} (1 - x^k)^a(k+1)). - Michael Somos, Oct 06 2003
a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = A246403 = 2.189461985660850563... and c = 0.1924225474701550354144525345664845514828912790855223729854471406053655209... - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 26 2014
|
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
--------------- Examples (i=internal,e=external): ---------------------------
|.n=2.|..n=4..|..n=5..|...n=6.............|....n=7..........................|
|.....|.......|.......|.............e...e.|................e.e.e......e...e.|
|.....|.e...e.|.e.e.e.|.e.e.e.e...e...i...|.e.e.e.e.e...e....i....e.e...i...|
|..e..|...i...|...i...|....i........i.....|.....i..........i..........i.....|
|..e..|...e...|...e...|....e........e.....|.....e..........e..........e.....|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
G.f. = x^2 + x^4 + x^5 + 2*x^6 + 3*x^7 + 6*x^8 + 10*x^9 + 19*x^10 + ...
The a(8) = 6 rooted trees with 7 nodes as described in the comment are:
: level sequence out-degrees (dots for zeros)
: 1: [ 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 ] [ 2 2 2 . . . . ]
: O--o--o--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
:
: 2: [ 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 ] [ 2 4 . . . . . ]
: O--o--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
:
: 3: [ 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 ] [ 3 3 . . . . . ]
: O--o--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
:
: 4: [ 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 ] [ 2 2 . . 2 . . ]
: O--o--o
: .--o
: .--o--o
: .--o
:
: 5: [ 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 ] [ 4 2 . . . . . ]
: O--o--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
:
: 6: [ 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] [ 6 . . . . . . ]
: O--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
: .--o
:
(End)
The a(2) = 1 through a(9) = 10 unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n - 1 nodes (empty n = 3 column shown as dot) are:
o . (oo) (ooo) (oooo) (ooooo) (oooooo) (ooooooo)
(o(oo)) (o(ooo)) (o(oooo)) (o(ooooo))
(oo(oo)) (oo(ooo)) (oo(oooo))
(ooo(oo)) (ooo(ooo))
((oo)(oo)) (oooo(oo))
(o(o(oo))) ((oo)(ooo))
(o(o(ooo)))
(o(oo)(oo))
(o(oo(oo)))
(oo(o(oo)))
(End)
|
|
|
MAPLE
|
with (powseries): with (combstruct): n := 30: sys := {B = Prod(C, Z), S = Set(B, 1 <= card), C = Union(Z, S)}: A001678 := 1, 0, 1, seq(count([S, sys, unlabeled], size=i), i=1..n); # Ulrich Schimke (ulrschimke(AT)aol.com)
# second Maple program:
with(numtheory):
b:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, add(add(
d*a(d+1), d=divisors(j))*b(n-j), j=1..n)/n)
end:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, 0,
`if`(n=2, 1, b(n-2)-a(n-1)))
end:
|
|
|
MATHEMATICA
|
b[n_] := b[n] = If[n == 0, 1, Sum[Sum[d*a[d+1], {d, Divisors[j]}]*b[n-j], {j, 1, n}]/n]; a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 0, If[n == 2, 1, b[n-2] - a[n-1]]]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 24 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
terms = 38; A[_] = 0; Do[A[x_] = (x^2/(1+x))*Exp[Sum[A[x^k]/(k*x^k), {k, 1, j}]] + O[x]^j // Normal, {j, 1, terms}]; CoefficientList[A[x], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 12 2018 *)
urt[n_]:=Join@@Table[Union[Sort/@Tuples[urt/@ptn]], {ptn, IntegerPartitions[n-1]}];
Table[If[n<=1, 0, Length[Select[urt[n-1], FreeQ[#, {_}]&]]], {n, 0, 10}] (* Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020 *)
|
|
|
PROG
|
(PARI) (a(n) = if( n<4, n==2, T(n-2, n-3))); /* where */ {T(n, k) = if( n<1 || k<1, (n==0) && (k>=0), sum(j=1, k, sum(i=1, n\j, T(n-i*j, min(n-i*j, j-1)) * binomial( a(j+1) + i-1, i))))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 04 2002 */
(PARI) {a(n) = local(A); if( n<3, n==2, A = x / (1 - x^2) + O(x^n); for(k=3, n-2, A /= (1 - x^k + O(x^n))^polcoeff(A, k)); polcoeff(A, n-1))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 06 2003 */
|
|
|
CROSSREFS
|
Unlabeled rooted trees are counted by A000081.
Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are counted by A060356.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding unrooted trees are counted by A108919.
Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are A291636.
Singleton-reduced rooted trees are counted by A330951.
|
|
|
KEYWORD
|
nonn,easy,nice
|
|
|
AUTHOR
|
|
|
|
EXTENSIONS
|
|
|
|
STATUS
|
approved
|
| |
|
|
