A001339 a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (k+1)! binomial(n,k). (Formerly M2901 N1164)

1, 3, 11, 49, 261, 1631, 11743, 95901, 876809, 8877691, 98641011, 1193556233, 15624736141, 220048367319, 3317652307271, 53319412081141, 909984632851473, 16436597430879731, 313262209859119579, 6282647653285676001, 132266266384961600021, 2916471173788403280463

Offset

0,2

Comments

Number of arrangements of {1, 2, ..., n, n + 1} containing the element 1. - Emeric Deutsch, Oct 11 2001

From Thomas Wieder, Oct 21 2004: (Start)

"Also the number of hierarchies with unlabeled elements and labeled levels where the levels are permuted.

"Let l_x denote level x, e.g. l_2 is level 2. Let * denote an element. Then l_1*l_2***l_3** denotes a hierarchy of n = 6 unlabeled elements with one element on level 1, three elements on level 2 and 2 elements on level 3.

"E.g. for n=3 one has a(3) = 11 possible hierarchies: l_1***, l_1**l_2*, l_1*l_2**, l_2**l_1*, l_2*l_1**, l_1*l_2*l_3*, l_3*l_1*l_2*, l_2*l_3*l_1*, l_1*l_3*l_2*, l_2*l_1*l_3*, l_3*l_2*l_1*. See A064618 for the number of hierarchies with labeled elements and labeled levels." (End)

Polynomials in A010027 evaluated at 2.

Also the permanent of any n X n cofactor of an n+1 X n+1 version of J+I other than an n X n version of J + I (that is, a (1, 2) matrix with n - 1 2s, at most one per row and column). - D. G. Rogers, Aug 27 2006

a(n) = number of partitions of [n+1] into lists of sets that are both non-nesting and non-crossing. Non-nesting means that no set is contained in the span (interval from min to max) of another. For example, a(1) counts 12, 1-2, 2-1 and a(2) counts 123, 1-23, 23-1, 3-12, 12-3, 1-2-3, 1-3-2, 2-1-3, 2-3-1, 3-1-2, 3-2-1. - David Callan, Sep 20 2007

Row sums of triangle A137594. - Gary W. Adamson, Jan 28 2008

From Peter Bala, Jul 10 2008: (Start)

a(n) is a difference divisibility sequence, that is, the difference a(n) - a(m) is divisible by n - m for all n and m (provided n is not equal to m). See A000522 for further properties of difference divisibility sequences.

a(n) equals the sum of the lengths of the paths between a pair of distinct vertices of the complete graph K_(n + 2) on n + 2 vertices [Hassani]. For example, for the complete graph K_4 with vertex set {A,B,C,D} the 5 paths between A and B are AB of length 1, ACB and ADB, both of length 2 and ACDB and ADCB, both of length 3. The sum of the lengths is 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 = 11 = a(2).

The number of paths between 2 distinct vertices of K_n is equal to A000522(n - 2); the number of simple cycles through a vertex of K_n equals A038154(n - 1).

Recurrence relation: a(0) = 1, a(1) = 3, a(n) = (n+2)*a(n - 1) - (n - 1)*a(n - 2) for n >= 2. The sequence b(n) := n*n! = A001563(n) satisfies the same recurrence with the initial conditions b(0) = 0, b(1) = 1. This leads to the finite continued fraction expansion a(n)/b(n) = 3 - 1/(4 - 2/(5 - 3/(6 - ... - (n - 1)/(n + 2)))), n >= 1.

Limit_{n->oo} a(n)/b(n) = e = 3 - 1/(4 - 2/(5 - 3/(6 - ... - n/((n + 3) - ...)))).

For n >= 1, a(n) = b(n)*(3 - Sum_{k=2..n} 1/(k!*(k - 1)*k) (see the formula by Deutsch) since the rhs satisfies the above recurrence with the same initial conditions. Hence e = 3 - Sum_{k>=2} 1/(k!*(k - 1)*k).

For sequences satisfying the more general recurrence a(n) = (n + 1 + r)*a(n-1) - (n-1)*a(n-2), which yield series acceleration formulas for e/r! that involve the Poisson-Charlier polynomials c_r(-n; -1), refer to A000522 (r=0), A082030 (r=2), A095000 (r=3) and A095177 (r=4). (End)

Binomial transform of n! Offset 1. a(3) = 11. - Al Hakanson (hawkuu(AT)gmail.com), May 18 2009

Equals eigensequence of a triangle with (1, 2, 3, ...) as the right border and the rest 1's; equivalent to a(n) = [n terms of the sequence (1, 1, 1, ...) followed by (n + 1)] dot [(n + 1) terms of the sequence (1, 1, 3, 11, 245, ...)]. Example: 261 = a(4) = (1, 1, 1, 1, 5) dot (1, 1, 3, 11, 49) = 1 + 1 + 3 + 11 + 245 = 261. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 24 2010

Number of nonnegative integers which use each digit at most once in base n+1. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Oct 02 2011.

a(n) is the number of permutations of {1,2,...,n+2} in which there is an increasing contiguous subsequence (ascending run) beginning with 1 and ending with n+2. The number of such permutations with exactly k, 0<=k<=n, elements between the 1 and (n+2) is given by A132159(n,k) whose row sums equal this sequence. See example. - Geoffrey Critzer, Feb 15 2013

References

A. Hordijk, Markov Decision Chains, pp. 97-103 in Images of SMC Research, 1996, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1996. See p. 103.

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

W. A. Whitworth, DCC Exercises in Choice and Chance, Stechert, NY, 1945, p. 56, ex. 232.

Links

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

J. L. Adams, Conceptual Blockbusting: A Guide to Better Ideas, Freeman, San Francisco, 1974. [Annotated scans of pages 69 and 70 only]

Roland Bacher, Counting Packings of Generic Subsets in Finite Groups, Electr. J. Combinatorics, 19 (2012), #P7.

Paul Barry, A note on number triangles that are almost their own production matrix, arXiv:1804.06801 [math.CO], 2018.

E. Biondi, L. Divieti and G. Guardabassi, Counting paths, circuits, chains and cycles in graphs: A unified approach, Canad. J. Math. 22 1970 22-35.

Philip Feinsilver and John McSorley, Zeons, Permanents, the Johnson Scheme, and Generalized Derangements, International Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 2011, Article ID 539030, 29 pages.

Loïc Foissy and Frédéric Patras, Natural endomorphisms of shuffle algebras, arXiv preprint arXiv:1205.2986 [math.RA], 2012.

M. Hassani, Counting and computing by e, arXiv:math/0606613 [math.CO], 2006.

F. Hivert, J.-C. Novelli and J.-Y. Thibon, Commutative combinatorial Hopf algebras, arXiv:math/0605262 [math.CO], 2006.

INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 400

M. J. Knight and W. O. Egerland, Solution to Problem 5911, Amer. Math. Monthly 81 (1974) 675-676.

Zhentao Lu, Elementary proofs of generalized continued fraction formulae for e, arXiv:1907.05563 [math.NT], 2019.

Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Poisson-Charlier polynomial

Jun Yan, Results on pattern avoidance in parking functions, arXiv:2404.07958 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 7.

Formula

E.g.f.: exp(x)/(1-x)^2.

a(n) = round(evalf(exp(1)*(n-1)*(n-1)!)) (n>1).

a(n) = floor(n*n!*e) + 1. - Melvin J. Knight (knightmj(AT)juno.com), May 30 2001

a(n) = {e*n*n!} for n > 0, where {x} denotes the nearest integer part. Proposed by Simon Plouffe, March 1993.

The n-th row of array A089900 is the n-th binomial transform of this sequence. The (n+1)-th term of the n-th binomial transform is (n+1)^(n+1), for n >= 0. E.g., the 5th term of the 4th binomial transform is 5^5: [1, 7, 51, 389, 3125, ...]. - Paul D. Hanna, Nov 14 2003

G.f.: Sum_{k>=0} k! * (x / (1 - x))^k. - Michael Somos, Mar 04 2004

a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} A046716(n, k)*2^(n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Jun 12 2004

(n-1)*a(n) = n^2*a(n-1)-1. - Vladeta Jovovic, Sep 04 2004

a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} P(n, k)*(k+1). - Ross La Haye, Aug 28 2005

a(n) = n!*n*(3 - Sum_{j=2..n} 1/(j*(j-1)*j!) for n>=1. - Emeric Deutsch, Apr 12 2008

a(n) = (a(n-1)^2 + 2 * a(n-2)^2 + a(n-2) * a(n-3) - 4 * a(n-1) * a(n-3)) / (a(n-2) - a(n-3)) if n>1. - Michael Somos, Oct 20 2011

E.g.f.:1/Q(0); Q(k) = 1 - 2*x/(1+x/(2-x-2/(1-x*(k+1)/Q(k+1)))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 18 2011

G.f.: 1/Q(0), where Q(k) = 1 - x - x*(k+2)/(1 - x*(k+1)/Q(k+1)); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Apr 22 2013

G.f.: Q(0)/x - 1/x, where Q(k) = 1 + (2*k + 1)*x/( 1 - x - 2*x*(1-x)*(k+1)/(2*x*(k+1) + (1-x)/Q(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 09 2013

G.f.: (2/x)/G(0) - 1/x, where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(2*k+2)/(x*(2*k+3) - 1 + x*(2*k+2)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 31 2013

G.f.: Q(0)/(2*x) - 1/x, where Q(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(k+1)/(x*(k+1) + (1-x)/Q(k+1) )); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 08 2013

G.f.: W(0)/x - 1/x, where W(k) = 1 - x*(k+1)/( x*(k+2) - 1/(1 - x*(k+1)/( x*(k+1) - 1/W(k+1) ))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 25 2013

a(n) = hypergeometric([2, -n], [], -1). - Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014

Upper and bottom right terms of the infinite 2 X 2 matrix product_{N=1,2,3,...} [(1,1); (1,N)]. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 28 2016

a(n) = R(n,n+1,n) where R(x,y,z) is defined to be R(x+1,y,z+1) = R(y,x,x) + R(z,y,z), R(0,y,z+1) = R(z,y,z), R(x+1,y,0) = R(y,x,x), and R(0,y,0) = y. - David M. Cerna, Feb 16 2018

a(n) = (n + 1)!*hypergeom([-n], [-n-1], 1). - Peter Luschny, Nov 02 2018

a(n) = Integral_{x=0..1} (-LambertW(-1,-x/e))^n dx. - Gleb Koloskov, Jul 25 2021

a(n) = KummerU(-n, -n-1, 1). - Peter Luschny, May 10 2022

Example

G.f. = 1 + 3*x + 11*x^2 + 49*x^3 + 261*x^4 + 1631*x^5 + 11743*x^6 + 95901*x^7 + ...
a(2) = 11: {1, 12, 21, 13, 31, 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321}.
a(2) = 11 because we have 11 permutations of {1,2,3,4} (written in one line notation) that have an increasing subsequence beginning with 1 and ending with 4: 1,2,3,4; 1,2,4,3; 1,3,4,2; 1,4,2,3; 1,4,3,2; 2,1,3,4; 2,1,4,3; 2,3,1,4; 3,1,2,4; 3,1,4,2; 3,2,1,4. - Geoffrey Critzer, Feb 15 2013

Maple

a:=proc(n) options operator, arrow: factorial(n)*n*(3-(sum(1/(j*(j-1)*factorial(j)), j=2..n))) end proc: 1, seq(a(n), n=1..20); # Emeric Deutsch, Apr 12 2008
a := n -> hypergeom([2, -n], [], -1); seq(simplify(a(n)), n=0..18); # Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014

Mathematica

a[n_] := n!*Sum[(k+1)/(n-k)!, {k, 0, n}]; a /@ Range[0, 20] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 13 2011 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, n! SeriesCoefficient[ Exp[x] / (1 - x)^2, {x, 0, n}]] (* Michael Somos, Oct 20 2011 *)

Prog

(PARI) {a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n! * polcoeff( exp(x + x * O(x^n)) / (1 - x)^2, n))} /* Michael Somos, Mar 04 2004 */
(PARI) vector(20, n, n--; n!*sum(k=0, n, (n-k+1)/k!)) \\ G. C. Greubel, Jul 15 2019
(GAP) A001339:=List([0..20], n-> Sum([0..n], k-> Factorial(k+1)*Binomial(n, k))); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 17 2018
(Magma) [Factorial(n)*(&+[(n-k+1)/Factorial(k): k in [0..n]]): n in [0..20]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jul 15 2019
(Sage) [factorial(n)*sum((n-k+1)/factorial(k) for k in (0..n)) for n in (0..20)] # G. C. Greubel, Jul 15 2019

Crossrefs

Cf. A001563, A064618, A089900, A137594.

a(n) = A000522(n+1) - A000522(n).

First differences of A000522, A007526, A026243, A073591.

Equals (1/2)*A006183(n-2).

Equals A036918(n+1) + 1.

Leftmost column of A276588.

Cf. also A136104.

Sequence in context: A180869 A357836 A356291 * A307030 A335788 A012316

Adjacent sequences: A001336 A001337 A001338 * A001340 A001341 A001342

Keyword

nonn,changed

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Extensions

Typo in description in 1995 Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences corrected Mar 15 1997

Link updated by Susanne Wienand, Nov 19 2011

Status

approved