A111820 Triangle P, read by rows, that satisfies [P^5](n,k) = P(n+1,k+1) for n>=k>=0, also [P^(5*m)](n,k) = [P^m](n+1,k+1) for all m, where [P^m](n,k) denotes the element at row n, column k, of the matrix power m of P, with P(0,k)=1 and P(k,k)=1 for all k>=0.

1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 55, 25, 1, 1, 2055, 1525, 125, 1, 1, 291430, 311525, 38875, 625, 1, 1, 165397680, 239305275, 40338875, 975625, 3125, 1, 1, 390075741430, 735920617775, 157056792000, 5077475625, 24409375, 15625, 1

Offset

0,5

Comments

Also P(n,k) = the partitions of (5^n - 5^(n-k)) into powers of 5 <= 5^(n-k).

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=0..35.

Formula

Let q=5; the g.f. of column k of P^m (ignoring leading zeros) equals: 1 + Sum_{n>=1} (m*q^k)^n/n! * Product_{j=0..n-1} L(q^j*x) where L(x) satisfies: x/(1-x) = Sum_{n>=1} Product_{j=0..n-1} L(q^j*x)/(j+1) and L(x) equals the g.f. of column 0 of the matrix log of P (A111824).

Example

Let q=5; the g.f. of column k of matrix power P^m is:
1 + (m*q^k)*L(x) + (m*q^k)^2/2!*L(x)*L(q*x) +
(m*q^k)^3/3!*L(x)*L(q*x)*L(q^2*x) +
(m*q^k)^4/4!*L(x)*L(q*x)*L(q^2*x)*L(q^3*x) + ...
where L(x) satisfies:
x/(1-x) = L(x) + L(x)*L(q*x)/2! + L(x)*L(q*x)*L(q^2*x)/3! + ...
and L(x) = x - 3/2!*x^2 + 16/3!*x^3 + 2814/4!*x^4 +... (A111824).
Thus the g.f. of column 0 of matrix power P^m is:
1 + m*L(x) + m^2/2!*L(x)*L(5*x) + m^3/3!*L(x)*L(5*x)*L(5^2*x) +
m^4/4!*L(x)*L(5*x)*L(5^2*x)*L(5^3*x) + ...
Triangle P begins:
1;
1,1;
1,5,1;
1,55,25,1;
1,2055,1525,125,1;
1,291430,311525,38875,625,1;
1,165397680,239305275,40338875,975625,3125,1; ...
where P^5 shifts columns left and up one place:
1;
5,1;
55,25,1;
2055,1525,125,1;
291430,311525,38875,625,1; ...

Prog

(PARI) P(n, k, q=5)=local(A=Mat(1), B); if(n<k || k<0, 0, for(m=1, n+1, B=matrix(m, m); for(i=1, m, for(j=1, i, if(j==i || j==1, B[i, j]=1, B[i, j]=(A^q)[i-1, j-1]); )); A=B); return(A[n+1, k+1]))

Crossrefs

Cf. A111821 (column 1), A111822 (row sums), A111823 (matrix log); triangles: A110503 (q=-1), A078121 (q=2), A078122 (q=3), A078536 (q=4), A111825 (q=6), A111830 (q=7), A111835 (q=8).

Sequence in context: A174790 A156691 A246051 * A174912 A106238 A173475

Adjacent sequences: A111817 A111818 A111819 * A111821 A111822 A111823

Keyword

nonn,tabl

Author

Gottfried Helms and Paul D. Hanna, Aug 22 2005

Status

approved