OFFSET
0,4
COMMENTS
Rule for finding n-th term: a(n) = An, where An denotes the Fibonacci antecedent to (or right shift of) n, which is found by replacing each F(i) in the Zeckendorf expansion (obtained by repeatedly subtracting the largest Fibonacci number you can until nothing remains) by F(i-1) (A1=1). For example: 58 = 55 + 3, so a(58) = 34 + 2 = 36. - Diego Torres (torresvillarroel(AT)hotmail.com), Nov 24 2002
From Albert Neumueller (albert.neu(AT)gmail.com), Sep 28 2006: (Start)
A recursively built tree structure can be obtained from the sequence (see Hofstadter, p. 137):
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
\ / / \ / \ / /
9 10 11 12 13
\ / / \ /
6 7 8
\ / /
\ / /
\ / /
4 5
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\ /
3
/
2
\ /
1
To construct the tree: node n is connected with the node a(n) below
n
/
a(n)
For example, since a(7) = 4:
7
/
4
If the nodes of the tree are read from bottom to top, left to right, one obtains the positive integers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ... The tree has a recursive structure, since the construct
/
x
\ /
x
can be repeatedly added on top of its own ends, to construct the tree from its root: e.g.,
/
x
/ \ /
x x
\ / /
x x
\ /
\ /
x
When moving from a node to a lower connected node, one is moving to the parent. Parent node of n: floor((n+1)/tau). Left child of n: floor(tau*n). Right child of n: floor(tau*(n+1))-1 where tau=(1+sqrt(5))/2. (See the Sillke link.)
(End)
The number n appears A001468(n) times; A001468(n) = floor((n+1)*Phi) - floor(n*Phi) with Phi = (1 + sqrt 5)/2. - Philippe Deléham, Sep 22 2005
Number of positive Wythoff A-numbers A000201 not exceeding n. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 09 2006
Number of positive Wythoff B-numbers < A000201(n+1). - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 09 2006
From Bernard Schott, Apr 23 2022: (Start)
Properties coming from the 1st problem proposed during the 45th Czech and Slovak Mathematical Olympiad in 1996 (see IMO Compendium link):
-> a(n) >= a(n-1) for any positive integer n,
-> a(n) - a(n-1) belongs to {0,1},
-> No integer n exists such that a(n-1) = a(n) = a(n+1). (End)
For n >= 1, find n in the Wythoff array (A035513). a(n) is the number that precedes n in its row, using the preceding column of the extended Wythoff array (A287870) if n is at the start of the (unextended) row. - Peter Munn, Sep 17 2022
See my 2023 publication on Hofstadter's G-sequence for a proof of the equality of (a(n)) with the sequence A073869. - Michel Dekking, Apr 28 2024
REFERENCES
D. R. Hofstadter, Goedel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, Random House, 1980, p. 137.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
LINKS
N. J. A. Sloane and T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..20000 (the first 1000 terms were found by T. D. Noe)
L. Carlitz, Fibonacci Representations, Fibonacci Quarterly, volume 6, number 4, October 1968, pages 193-220. a(n) = e(n) at equation 1.10 or 2.11 and see equation 3.8 recurrence.
M. Celaya and F. Ruskey, Morphic Words and Nested Recurrence Relations, arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.0153 [math.CO], 2013.
M. Celaya and F. Ruskey, Another Property of Only the Golden Ratio, American Mathematical Monthly, Problem 11651, solutions volume 121, number 6, June-July 2014, pages 549-556.
F. Michel Dekking, Morphisms, Symbolic Sequences, and Their Standard Forms, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.1.1.
F. M. Dekking, On Hofstadter's G-sequence, Journal of Integer Sequences 26 (2023), Article 23.9.2, 1-11.
Larry Ericksen and Peter G. Anderson, Patterns in differences between rows in k-Zeckendorf arrays, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 11-18.
D. Gault and M. Clint, "Curiouser and curiouser" said Alice. Further reflections on an interesting recursive function, Internat. J. Computer Math., 26 (1988), 35-43. Also annotated scanned copy.
Martin Griffiths, A formula for an infinite family of Fibonacci-word sequences, Fib. Q., 56 (2018), 75-80.
H. W. Gould, J. B. Kim and V. E. Hoggatt, Jr., Sequences associated with t-ary coding of Fibonacci's rabbits, Fib. Quart., 15 (1977), 311-318.
Vincent Granville and Jean-Paul Rasson, A strange recursive relation, J. Number Theory 30 (1988), no. 2, 238--241. MR0961919(89j:11014).
J. Grytczuk, Another variation on Conway's recursive sequence, Discr. Math. 282 (2004), 149-161.
Nick Hobson, Python program for this sequence
D. R. Hofstadter, Eta-Lore [Cached copy, with permission]
D. R. Hofstadter, Pi-Mu Sequences [Cached copy, with permission]
D. R. Hofstadter and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1977 and 1991
The IMO Compendium, Problem 1, 45th Czech and Slovak Mathematical Olympiad 1996.
Clark Kimberling and K. B. Stolarsky, Slow Beatty sequences, devious convergence, and partitional divergence, Amer. Math. Monthly, 123 (No. 2, 2016), 267-273.
P. Letouzey, Hofstadter's problem for curious readers, Technical Report, 2015.
Mustazee Rahman, A Combinatorial interpretation of Hofstadter's G-sequence, arXiv:1105.1718 [math.CO], 2011-2013.
B. Schoenmakers, A tight lower bound for top-down skew heaps, Information Processing Letters, 61(5): 279-284, 14 March 1997.
Torsten Sillke, Floor Recurrences
Th. Stoll, On Hofstadter's married functions, Fib. Q., 46/47 (2008/2009), 62-67. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 30 2009
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hofstadter G-Sequence
Wikipedia, Hofstadter sequence
FORMULA
a(n) = floor((n+1)*tau) - n - 1 = A000201(n+1)-n-1, where tau = (1+sqrt(5))/2; or a(n) = floor(sigma*(n+1)) where sigma = (sqrt(5)-1)/2.
a(0)=0, a(1)=1, a(n) = n - a(floor(n/tau)). - Benoit Cloitre, Nov 27 2002
a(n) = A019446(n) - 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 02 2012
a(n) = n - A060144(n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 07 2012
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..A072649(m)} A000045(m)*A213676(m,k): m=A000201(n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 10 2013
a(n + a(n)) = n. - Pierre Letouzey, Sep 09 2015
a(n) + a(a(n+1) - 1) = n. - Pierre Letouzey, Sep 09 2015
a(0) = 0, a(n+1) = a(n) + d(n) and d(0) = 1, d(n+1)=1-d(n)*d(a(n)). - Pierre Letouzey, Sep 09 2015
a(n) = A293688(n)/(n+1) for n >= 0 (conjectured). - Enrique Navarrete, Oct 15 2017
A generalization of Diego Torres's 2002 comment as a formula: if n = Sum_{i in S} A000045(i+1), where S is a set of positive integers, then a(n) = Sum_{i in S} A000045(i). - Peter Munn, Sep 28 2022
Conjectures from Chunqing Liu, Aug 01 2023: (Start)
a(A000201(n)-1) = n-1.
MAPLE
H:=proc(n) option remember; if n=0 then 0 elif n=1 then 1 else n-H(H(n-1)); fi; end proc: seq(H(n), n=0..76);
MATHEMATICA
a[0] = 0; a[n_] := a[n] = n - a[a[n - 1]]; Array[a, 77, 0]
(* Second program: *)
Fold[Append[#1, #2 - #1[[#1[[#2]] + 1 ]] ] &, {0}, Range@ 76] (* Michael De Vlieger, Nov 13 2017 *)
PROG
(Haskell)
a005206 n = a005206_list !! n
a005206_list = 0 : zipWith (-) [1..] (map a005206 a005206_list)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 02 2012, Aug 07 2011
(Haskell)
a005206 = sum . zipWith (*) a000045_list . a213676_row . a000201 . (+ 1)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 10 2013
(PARI) first(n)=my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=1; for(k=2, n, v[k]=k-v[v[k-1]]); concat(0, v) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 02 2015
(Magma) [Floor((n+1)*(1+Sqrt(5))/2)-n-1: n in [0..80]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 19 2016
(Python)
from math import isqrt
def A005206(n): return (n+1+isqrt(5*(n+1)**2)>>1)-n-1 # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 09 2022
CROSSREFS
a(n):=Sum{k=1..n} h(k), n >= 1, with h(k):= A005614(k-1) and a(0):=0.
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,nice
AUTHOR
EXTENSIONS
a(0) = 0 added in the Name by Bernard Schott, Apr 23 2022
STATUS
approved