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A005428 a(n) = ceiling((1 + sum of preceding terms) / 2) starting with a(0) = 1.
(Formerly M0572)
24
1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 14, 21, 31, 47, 70, 105, 158, 237, 355, 533, 799, 1199, 1798, 2697, 4046, 6069, 9103, 13655, 20482, 30723, 46085, 69127, 103691, 155536, 233304, 349956, 524934, 787401, 1181102, 1771653, 2657479, 3986219, 5979328, 8968992, 13453488, 20180232, 30270348, 45405522, 68108283, 102162425, 153243637, 229865456, 344798184 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
Original definition: a(0) = 1, state(0) = 2; for n >= 1, if a(n-1) is even then a(n) = 3*a(n-1)/2 and state(n) = state(n-1); if a(n-1) is odd and state(n-1) = 1 then a(n) = ceiling( 3*a(n-1)/2) and state(n) = 3 - state(n-1) and if a(n-1) is odd and state(n-1) = 2 then a(n) = floor( 3*a(n-1)/2) and state(n) = 3 - state(n-1). [See formula by M. Alekseyev for a simpler equivalent. - Ed.]
Arises from a version of the Josephus problem: sequence gives set of n where, if you start with n people and every 3rd person drops out, either it is person #1 or #2 who is left at the end. A081614 and A081615 give the subsequences where it is person #1 (respectively #2) who is left.
The state changes just when a(n) is odd: it therefore indicates whether the sum of a(0) to a(n) is odd (1 means no, 2 means yes).
The sum a(0) to a(n) is never divisible by 3 (for n >= 0); it is 1 mod 3 precisely when the sum a(0) to a(n-1) is odd and thus indicates the state at the previous step. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, May 14 2008
The number of nodes at level n of a planted binary tree with alternating branching and non-branching nodes. - Joseph P. Shoulak, Aug 26 2012
Take Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) objects, and partition them into 3 parts. It is always possible to generate those parts using addends once each from the initial n terms, and this is the fastest growing sequence with this property. For example, taking 1+1+2+3+4+6+9 = 26 objects, if we partition them [10,9,7], we can generate these sizes as 10 = 9+1, 9 = 6+3, 7 = 4+2+1. The corresponding sequence partitioning into 2 parts is the powers of 2, A000079. In general, to handle partitioning into k parts, replace the division by 2 in the definition with division by k-1. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Nov 07 2015
a(n) is the number of even integers that have n+1 digits when written in base 3/2. For example, there are 2 even integers that use three digits in base 3/2: 6 and 8: they are written as 210 and 212, respectively. - Tanya Khovanova and PRIMES STEP Senior group, Jun 03 2018
REFERENCES
F. Schuh, The Master Book of Mathematical Recreations. Dover, NY, 1968, page, 374, Table 18, union of columns 1 and 2 (which are A081614 and A081615).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
LINKS
B. Chen, R. Chen, J. Guo, S. Lee et al., On Base 3/2 and its sequences, arXiv:1808.04304 [math.NT], 2018.
L. Halbeisen and N. Hungerbuehler, The Josephus Problem, J. Théor. Nombres Bordeaux 9(2) (1997), 303-318.
A. M. Odlyzko and H. S. Wilf, Functional iteration and the Josephus problem, Glasgow Math. J. 33 (1991), 235-240.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Josephus Problem.
Wikipedia, Josephus problem.
FORMULA
a(0) = 1; a(n) = ceiling((1 + Sum_{k=0..n-1} a(k)) / 2). - Don Reble, Apr 23 2003
a(1) = 1, s(1) = 2, and for n > 1, a(n) = floor((3*a(n-1) + s(n-1) - 1) / 2), s(n) = (s(n-1) + a(n)) mod 3. - Max Alekseyev, Mar 28 2009
a(n) = floor(1 + (sum of preceding terms)/2). - M. F. Hasler, Oct 14 2012
EXAMPLE
n........0...1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8...9..10..11..12..13..14.
state=1......1...........4...6...9..........31.....70..105.........
state=2..1.......2...3..............14..21......47.........158..237
MATHEMATICA
f[s_] := Append[s, Ceiling[(1 + Plus @@ s)/2]]; Nest[f, {1}, 40] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 07 2006 *)
nxt[{t_, a_}]:=Module[{c=Ceiling[(1+t)/2]}, {t+c, c}]; NestList[nxt, {1, 1}, 50][[All, 2]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 05 2017 *)
PROG
(PARI) { a=1; s=2; for(k=1, 50, print1(a, ", "); a=(3*a+s-1)\2; s=(s+a)%3; ) } \\ Max Alekseyev, Mar 28 2009
(PARI) s=0; vector(50, n, -s+s+=s\2+1) \\ M. F. Hasler, Oct 14 2012
(Haskell)
a005428 n = a005428_list !! n
a005428_list = (iterate j (1, 1)) where
j (a, s) = (a', (s + a') `mod` 2) where
a' = (3 * a + (1 - s) * a `mod` 2) `div` 2
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 10 2015 (fixed), Oct 26 2011
(Python)
from itertools import islice
def A005428_gen(): # generator of terms
a, c = 1, 0
yield 1
while True:
yield (a:=1+((c:=c+a)>>1))
A005428_list = list(islice(A005428_gen(), 30)) # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 21 2022
CROSSREFS
Cf. A005427, A073941, A082416. Union of A081614 and A081615.
First differences of D_3(n) (A061419) in the terminology of Odlyzko and Wilf. - Ralf Stephan, Apr 23 2002
Same as log_2(A082125(n+3)). - Ralf Stephan, Apr 16 2002
Apart from initial terms, same as A073941, which has further information.
a(n) is the number of positive even k for which A024629(k) has n+1 digits. - Glen Whitney, Jul 09 2017
Partial sums are in A061419, A061418, A006999.
Sequence in context: A302016 A078620 A073941 * A355910 A143951 A328262
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,nice
AUTHOR
EXTENSIONS
More terms from Hans Havermann, Apr 23 2003
Definition replaced with a simpler formula due to Don Reble, by M. F. Hasler, Oct 14 2012
STATUS
approved

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Last modified March 29 06:57 EDT 2024. Contains 371265 sequences. (Running on oeis4.)