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A004003 Number of domino tilings (or dimer coverings) of a 2n X 2n square.
(Formerly M2160)
55
1, 2, 36, 6728, 12988816, 258584046368, 53060477521960000, 112202208776036178000000, 2444888770250892795802079170816, 548943583215388338077567813208427340288, 1269984011256235834242602753102293934298576249856 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET
0,2
COMMENTS
A099390 is the main entry for domino tilings (or dimer tilings) of a rectangle.
The numbers of domino tilings in A006253, A004003, A006125 give the number of perfect matchings in the relevant graphs. There are results of Jockusch and Ciucu that if a planar graph has a rotational symmetry then the number of perfect matchings is a square or twice a square - this applies to these 3 sequences. - Dan Fux (dan.fux(AT)OpenGaia.com or danfux(AT)OpenGaia.com), Apr 12 2001
Christine Bessenrodt points out that Pachter (1997) shows that a(n) is divisible by 2^n (cf. A065072).
a(n) is the number of different ways to cover a 2n X 2n lattice with 2n^2 dominoes. John and Sachs show that a(n) = 2^n*B(n)^2, where B(n) == n+1 (mod 32) when n is even and B(n) == (-1)^((n-1)/2)*n (mod 32) when n is odd. - Yong Kong (ykong(AT)curagen.com), May 07 2000
REFERENCES
Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 569.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 406-412.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Darko Veljan, Kombinatorika s teorijom grafova (Croatian) (Combinatorics with Graph Theory) mentions the value 12988816 = 2^4*901^2 for the 8 X 8 case on page 4.
LINKS
Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..44 (first 26 terms from T. D. Noe)
M. Aanjaneya and S. P. Pal, Faultfree tromino tilings of rectangles, arXiv:math/0610925 [math.CO], 2006.
M. Ciucu, Enumeration of perfect matchings in graphs with reflective symmetry, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, Volume 77, Issue 1, January 1997, Pages 67-97.
H. Cohn, 2-adic behavior of numbers of domino tilings, arXiv:math/0008222 [math.CO], 2000.
Steven R. Finch, The Dimer Problem [From Steven Finch, Apr 20 2019]
M. E. Fisher, Statistical mechanics of dimers on a plane lattice, Physical Review, 124 (1961), 1664-1672.
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 363
Laura Florescu, Daniela Morar, David Perkinson, Nicholas Salter, Tianyuan Xu, Sandpiles and Dominos, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 22(1), 2015.
Laura Florescu, Daniela Morar, David Perkinson, Nicholas Salter, Tianyuan Xu, Illustration for a(2) = 36 [Fig. 9 from "Sandpiles and Dominos"]
W. Jockusch, Perfect matchings and perfect squares J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 67 (1994), no. 1, 100-115.
Peter E. John and Horst Sachs, On a strange observation in the theory of the dimer problem, Discrete Math. 216 (2000), no. 1-3, 211-219.
Adrien Kassel, Le modèle de dimères, Images des Mathématiques, CNRS, 2016. [In French]
P. W. Kasteleyn, The Statistics of Dimers on a Lattice, Physica, 27 (1961), 1209-1225.
P. W. Kasteleyn, Dimer statistics and phase transitions, J. Mathematical Phys. 4 1963 287-293. MR0153427 (27 #3394).
Viet-Ha Nguyen, Kévin Perrot, Mathieu Vallet, NP-completeness of the game Kingdomino(TM), Theoretical Computer Science (2020) Vol. 822, 23-35. See also arXiv:1909.02849, [cs.CC], 2019.
Lior Pachter, Combinatorial approaches and conjectures ..., Elec. J. Comb. 4 (1997) #R29.
James Propp, Some 2-Adic Conjectures Concerning Polyomino Tilings of Aztec Diamonds, Integers (2023) Vol. 23, Art. A30.
Jaime Rangel-Mondragon, Polyominoes and Related Families, The Mathematica Journal, 9:3 (2005), 609-640.
N. J. A. Sloane, Illustration for a(2) = 36 [Slide from an old talk I gave]
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Domino Tiling
Eric Weisstein, Illustration for a(2) = 36, from Domino Tilings web page (see previous link) [Included with permission]
FORMULA
a(n) = A099390(2n,2n).
a(n) = Product_{j=1..n} Product_{k=1..n} (4*cos(j*Pi/(2*n+1))^2 + 4*cos(k*Pi/(2*n+1))^2). - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 16 2015
a(n) = 2^n * A065072(n)^2. - Alois P. Heinz, Nov 22 2018
a(n)^2 = Resultant(U(2*n,x/2), U(2*n,i*x/2)), where U(n,x) is a Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind and i = sqrt(-1). - Seiichi Manyama, Apr 13 2020
a(n) ~ 2 * (sqrt(2)-1)^(2*n+1) * exp(G*(2*n+1)^2/Pi), where G is Catalan's constant A006752. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 30 2020
EXAMPLE
The 36 solutions for the 4 X 4 board, from Neven Juric, May 14 2008:
A01 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A02 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,11), (9,10), (8,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A03 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,9), (6,7), (10,11), (8,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A04 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,9), (6,10), (7,8), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A05 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,9), (6,10), (7,11), (8,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A06 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,10), (13,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A07 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,9), (6,10), (7,8), (11,15), (13,14), (12,16)}
A08 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,12), (15,16)}
A09 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,11), (8,12), (9,13), (10,14), (15,16)}
A10 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,13), (10,11), (14,15), (12,16)}
A11 = {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A12 = {(1,2), (5,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A13 = {(1,2), (3,7), (4,8), (5,9), (6,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A14 = {(1,2), (5,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,10), (13,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A15 = {(1,2), (3,7), (4,8), (6,10), (5,9), (11,15), (12,16), (13,14)}
A16 = {(1,2), (3,7), (4,8), (5,6), (9,13), (10,14), (11,12), (15,16)}
A17 = {(1,2), (3,7), (4,8), (5,6), (9,13), (10,11), (14,15), (12,16)}
A18 = {(1,2), (5,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A19 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,8), (9,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A20 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,11), (8,12), (9,10), (13,14), (15,16)}
A21 = {(1,5), (3,4), (2,6), (9,10), (7,8), (11,15), (13,14), (12,16)}
A22 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,12), (15,16)}
A23 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,11), (8,12), (9,13), (10,14), (15,16)}
A24 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,8), (9,13), (10,11), (14,15), (12,16)}
A25 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,4), (7,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A26 = {(1,5), (2,3), (6,7), (4,8), (9,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A27 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,10), (11,12), (13,14), (15,16)}
A28 = {(1,5), (2,3), (6,7), (4,8), (9,10), (11,15), (13,14), (12,16)}
A29 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,10), (13,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A30 = {(1,5), (2,3), (6,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,12), (15,16)}
A31 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,12), (15,16)}
A32 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A33 = {(1,5), (2,6), (3,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,11), (14,15), (12,16)}
A34 = {(1,5), (2,3), (4,8), (6,10), (7,11), (9,13), (14,15), (12,16)}
A35 = {(1,5), (2,3), (6,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,14), (11,15), (12,16)}
A36 = {(1,5), (2,3), (6,7), (4,8), (9,13), (10,11), (14,15), (12,16)}
MAPLE
f := n->2^(2*n^2)*product(product(cos(i*Pi/(2*n+1))^2+cos(j*Pi/(2*n+1))^2, j=1..n), i=1..n); for k from 0 to 12 do round(evalf(f(k), 300)) od;
MATHEMATICA
a[n_] := Round[ N[ Product[ 2*Cos[(2i*Pi)/(2n+1)] + 2*Cos[(2j*Pi)/(2n+1)] + 4, {i, 1, n}, {j, 1, n}], 300] ]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 12}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 04 2012, after Maple *)
Table[Sqrt[Resultant[ChebyshevU[2*n, x/2], ChebyshevU[2*n, I*x/2], x]], {n, 0, 12}] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 30 2020 *)
PROG
(PARI) {a(n) = sqrtint(polresultant(polchebyshev(2*n, 2, x/2), polchebyshev(2*n, 2, I*x/2)))} \\ Seiichi Manyama, Apr 13 2020
(Python)
from math import isqrt
from sympy.abc import x
from sympy import I, resultant, chebyshevu
def A004003(n): return isqrt(resultant(chebyshevu(n<<1, x/2), chebyshevu(n<<1, I*x/2))) if n else 1 # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 07 2023
CROSSREFS
Main diagonal of array A099390 or A187596.
Sequence in context: A001070 A095229 A047832 * A369676 A060739 A333209
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,nice
AUTHOR
EXTENSIONS
Corrected and extended by David Radcliffe
STATUS
approved

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Last modified March 19 04:58 EDT 2024. Contains 370952 sequences. (Running on oeis4.)