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A000261
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a(n) = n*a(n-1) + (n-3)*a(n-2), with a(1) = 0, a(2) = 1.
(Formerly M2949 N1189)
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24
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0, 1, 3, 13, 71, 465, 3539, 30637, 296967, 3184129, 37401155, 477471021, 6581134823, 97388068753, 1539794649171, 25902759280525, 461904032857319, 8702813980639617, 172743930157869827, 3602826440828270029, 78768746000235327495, 1801366114380914335441
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OFFSET
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1,3
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COMMENTS
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With offset 1, permanent of (0,1)-matrix of size n X (n+d) with d=3 and n zeros not on a line. This is a special case of Theorem 2.3 of Seok-Zun Song et al. Extremes of permanents of (0,1)-matrices, pp. 201-202. - Jaap Spies, Dec 12 2003
a(n+2)=:b(n), n>=1, enumerates the ways to distribute n beads, labeled differently from 1 to n, over a set of (unordered) necklaces, excluding necklaces with exactly one bead, and three indistinguishable, ordered, fixed cords, each allowed to have any number of beads. Beadless necklaces as well as a beadless cords contribute each a factor 1 in the counting, e.g., b(0):= 1*1 =1. See A000255 for the description of a fixed cord with beads.
This produces for b(n) the exponential (aka binomial) convolution of the subfactorial sequence {A000166(n)} and the sequence {A001710(n+2)}. See the necklaces and cords problem comment in A000153. Therefore also the recurrence b(n) = (n+2)*b(n-1) + (n-1)*b(n-2) with b(-1)=0 and b(0)=1 holds. This comment derives from a family of recurrences found by Malin Sjodahl for a combinatorial problem for certain quark and gluon diagrams (Feb 27 2010). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 02 2010
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REFERENCES
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Brualdi, Richard A. and Ryser, Herbert J., Combinatorial Matrix Theory, Cambridge NY (1991), Chapter 7.
J. Riordan, An Introduction to Combinatorial Analysis, Wiley, 1958, p. 188.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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E.g.f.: exp(-x)/(1-x)^4 for offset -1.
a(n+1) = round( GAMMA(n)*(n^3+6*n^2+8*n+1)*exp(-1)/6 ) for n>0. - Mark van Hoeij, Nov 11 2009
G.f.: x^2*hypergeom([1,4],[],x/(x+1))/(x+1). - Mark van Hoeij, Nov 07 2011
E.g.f. for offset -1: 1/(exp(x)*(1-x)^4) = 1/E(0) where E(k) = 1 - 4*x/(1 + 3*x/(2 - 3*x +4*x/(3 - 2*x + 3*x/(4 - x -4/(1 + x^3*(k+1)/E(k+1))))))); (continued fraction, 3rd kind, 6-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 21 2012
a(n) = hypergeometric([4,-n+2],[],1)*(-1)^n for n>=2. - Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014
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EXAMPLE
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Necklaces and 3 cords problem. For n=4 one considers the following weak 2 part compositions of 4: (4,0), (3,1), (2,2), and (0,4), where (1,3) does not appear because there are no necklaces with 1 bead. These compositions contribute respectively sf(4)*1,binomial(4,3)*sf(3)*c3(1), (binomial(4,2)*sf(2))*c3(2), and 1*c3(4) with the subfactorials sf(n):=A000166(n) (see the necklace comment there) and the c3(n):=A001710(n+2) = (n+2)!/2! numbers for the pure 3 cord problem (see the remark on the e.g.f. for the k cords problem in A000153; here for k=3: 1/(1-x)^3). This adds up as 9 + 4*2*3 + (6*1)*12 + 360 = 465 = b(4) = A000261(6). - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 02 2010
G.f. = x^2 + 3*x^3 + 13*x^4 + 71*x^5 + 465*x^6 + 3539*x^7 + 30637*x^8 + ...
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MAPLE
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a:= proc(n) a(n):= `if`(n<3, n-1, n*a(n-1) +(n-3)*a(n-2)) end:
a := n -> `if`(n=1, 0, hypergeom([4, -n+2], [], 1))*(-1)^(n); seq(round(evalf(a(n), 100)), n=1..22); # Peter Luschny, Sep 20 2014
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MATHEMATICA
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nn=20; Prepend[Range[0, nn]!CoefficientList[Series[Exp[-x]/ (1-x)^4, {x, 0, nn}], x], 0] (* Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 03 2012 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ x^2 HypergeometricPFQ[ {1, 4}, {}, x / (1 + x)] / (1 + x), {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, May 04 2014 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, 0, With[{m = n - 1}, Round[ Gamma[m] (m^3 + 6 m^2 + 8 m + 1) Exp[-1]/6]]]; (* Michael Somos, May 04 2014 *)
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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