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A328191
Write 1/(1 + sin x) = Product_{n>=1} (1 + f_n x^n); a(n) = numerator(f_n).
6
-1, 1, 1, 5, 19, -47, 659, 1837, 7675, -154729, 3578279, 3984853, 95259767, -1364856587, 85215100151, 46900690817, 4180679675171, -157452879103733, 6399968826052559, 893237028559439, 478887035449041839, -11642446645024341437, 1123931378903214542099, 15392026390952264029
OFFSET
1,4
COMMENTS
The recurrence about (A(m,n): m,n >= 1) in the Formula section follows from Theorem 3 in Gingold et al. (1988); see also Gingold and Knopfmacher (1995, p. 1222). A(m=1,n) equals the n-th coefficient of the Taylor expansion of 1/(1 + sin(x)). For that coefficient, we use a modification of a formula by Peter Luschny in the documentation of sequences A099612 and A099617.
Write 1 + sin x = Product_{n>=1} (1 + g_n * x^n). We have A170914(n) = numerator(g_n) and A170915(n) = denominator(g_n).
Gingold and Knopfmacher (1995) and Alkauskas (2008, 2009) proved that f_n = -g_n for n odd, and Sum_{s|n} (-g_{n/s})^s/s = -Sum_{s|n} (-f_{n/s})^s/s. [We caution that different authors may use -g_n for g_n, or -f_n for f_n, or both.]
Wolfdieter Lang (see the link below) examined inverse power product expansions both for ordinary g.f.'s and for exponential g.f.'s. He connects inverse power product expansions to unital series associated to (infinite dimensional) Witt vectors and to the so-called "Somos transformation".
There are more formulas for f_n and g_n in the references listed below. In all cases, we assume the g.f.'s are unital, i.e., the g.f.'s start with a constant 1.
LINKS
Giedrius Alkauskas, One curious proof of Fermat's little theorem, arXiv:0801.0805 [math.NT], 2008.
Giedrius Alkauskas, A curious proof of Fermat's little theorem, Amer. Math. Monthly 116(4) (2009), 362-364.
H. Gingold, H. W. Gould, and Michael E. Mays, Power Product Expansions, Utilitas Mathematica 34 (1988), 143-161.
H. Gingold and A. Knopfmacher, Analytic properties of power product expansions, Canad. J. Math. 47 (1995), 1219-1239.
FORMULA
a(2*n + 1) = -A170914(2*n + 1) for n >= 0.
Define (A(m,n): n,m >= 1) by A(m=1, n) = 2 * (-1)^n * i^(n + 2) * PolyLog(-(n + 1), -i)/n! for n >= 1 (with i := sqrt(-1)), A(m,n) = 0 for m > n >= 1 (upper triangular), and A(m,n) = A(m-1,n) - A(m-1,m-1) * A(m,n-m+1) for n >= m >= 2. Then f_n = A(n,n) and thus a(n) = numerator(A(n,n)).
If we write 1 + sin x = Product_{n>=1} (1 + g_n * x^n) and we know (g_n: n >= 1), then f_n = -g_n + Sum_{s|n, s > 1} (1/s) * ((-f_{n/s})^s + (-g_{n/s})^s). This proves of course that f_n = -g_n for n odd.
EXAMPLE
f_n = -1, 1, 1/6, 5/6, 19/120, -47/360, 659/5040, 1837/2520, 7675/72576, -154729/1814400, 3578279/39916800, 3984853/59875200, 95259767/1245404160, ...
MAPLE
# Calculates the fractions f_n (choose L much larger than M):
PPE := proc(L, M)
local t1, t0, g, t2, n, t3;
if L < 2.5*M then print("Choose larger value for L");
else
t1 := 1/(1 + sin(x));
t0 := series(t1, x, L);
f := []; t2 := t0;
for n to M do
t3 := coeff(t2, x, n);
t2 := series(t2/(1 + t3*x^n), x, L);
f := [op(f), t3];
end do;
end if;
[seq(f[n], n = 1 .. nops(f))];
end proc;
# Calculates the numerators of f_n:
h:=map(numer, PPE(100, 40)); # Petros Hadjicostas, Oct 07 2019 by modifying N. J. A. Sloane's program from A170912 and A170913.
MATHEMATICA
A[m_, n_] :=
A[m, n] =
Which[m == 1, 2*(-1)^n*I^(n + 2)*PolyLog[-(n + 1), -I]/n!,
m > n >= 1, 0, True,
A[m - 1, n] - A[m - 1, m - 1]*A[m, n - m + 1]];
a[n_] := Numerator[A[n, n]];
a /@ Range[1, 55] (* Petros Hadjicostas, Oct 07 2019 using a program by Jean-François Alcover and a formula from A099612 and A099617 *)
CROSSREFS
Denominators are in A328186.
Sequence in context: A024191 A277801 A372633 * A100104 A015650 A200764
KEYWORD
sign,frac
AUTHOR
Petros Hadjicostas, Oct 07 2019
STATUS
approved