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A084423
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Set partitions up to rotations.
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14
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1, 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 43, 127, 544, 2361, 11703, 61690, 351773, 2126497, 13639372, 92197523, 655035769, 4874404108, 37893370473, 306986431847, 2586209749712, 22612848403571, 204850732480285, 1919652428481930, 18581619724363401, 185543613289200949
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OFFSET
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0,3
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COMMENTS
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Partitions of n objects distinct under the cyclic group, C_n. By comparison the partition numbers (A000041) are the partitions distinct under the symmetric group, S_n and the set partitions are those distinct under the discrete group containing only the identity. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 09 2008
Equivalently, number of n-bead necklaces using any number of unlabeled (interchangable) colors. - Andrew Howroyd, Sep 25 2017
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LINKS
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Colin Adams, Chaim Even-Zohar, Jonah Greenberg, Reuben Kaufman, David Lee, Darin Li, Dustin Ping, Theodore Sandstrom, and Xiwen Wang, Virtual Multicrossings and Petal Diagrams for Virtual Knots and Links, arXiv:2103.08314 [math.GT], 2021.
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FORMULA
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U(k,j) = 1 if k=0, else Sum_{i=1..k} C(k-1,i-1) Sum_{d|j} U(k-i,j)*d^{i-1}. Then a(n) = (Sum_{j|n} phi(j)*U(n/j,j))/n. (U(k,j) is the number of partitions invariant under a permutation with k cycles of j objects each.) - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 09 2008
For n >= 1:
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A162663(gcd(n,k),n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A162663(n/gcd(n,k),gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). (End)
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EXAMPLE
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Of the Bell(4) = 15 set partitions of 4, only 7 remain distinct under rotation:
{{1,2,3,4}},
{{1}, {2,3,4}},
{{1,2}, {3,4}},
{{1,3}, {2,4}},
{{1}, {2}, {3,4}},
{{1}, {3}, {2,4}},
{{1}, {2}, {3}, {4}}}
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MATHEMATICA
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<<DiscreteMath`Combinatorica`; shrink[n_Integer] := Union[ First[ Sort[ NestList[Sort[Sort /@ ( #/.i_Integer:>Mod[i+1, n, 1])]&, #, n]]]& /@ SetPartitions[n]]; Table[ Length[ shrink[k]], {k, 11}]
(* Second program (not needing Combinatorica): *)
u[0, _] = 1; u[k_, j_] := u[k, j] = Sum[Binomial[k-1, i-1]*Sum[u[k-i, j]*d^(i-1), {d, Divisors[j]}], {i, 1, k}]; a[n_] := Sum[EulerPhi[j]*u[n/j, j], {j, Divisors[n]}]/n; a[0] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 24}] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 14 2012, after Franklin T. Adams-Watters *)
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PROG
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(PARI) U(k, j) = if(k==0, 1, sum(i=1, k, binomial(k-1, i-1)*sumdiv(j, d, U(k-i, j) *d^(i-1)))) /* U is unoptimized; should remember previous values. */
(PARI) seq(n)={Vec(1 + intformal(sum(m=1, n, eulerphi(m)*subst(serlaplace(-1 + exp(sumdiv(m, d, (exp(d*x + O(x*x^(n\m)))-1)/d))), x, x^m))/x))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Sep 20 2019
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,nice
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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