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A081720
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Triangle T(n,k) read by rows, giving number of bracelets (turnover necklaces) with n beads of k colors (n >= 1, 1 <= k <= n).
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19
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1, 1, 3, 1, 4, 10, 1, 6, 21, 55, 1, 8, 39, 136, 377, 1, 13, 92, 430, 1505, 4291, 1, 18, 198, 1300, 5895, 20646, 60028, 1, 30, 498, 4435, 25395, 107331, 365260, 1058058, 1, 46, 1219, 15084, 110085, 563786, 2250311, 7472984, 21552969, 1, 78, 3210, 53764, 493131, 3037314
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OFFSET
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1,3
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COMMENTS
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The formula given below is clear from the programs given in the Maple and Mathematica sections, while the g.f. for column k can be obtained using standard techniques.
If we differentiate the column k g.f. m times, then we can get a formula for row m. (For this sequence, we only need to use this row m formula for 1 <= k <= m, but it is valid even for k>m.) For example, to get the formula for row 8, we have T(n=8,k) = d^8/dx^8 (column k g.f.)/8! evaluated at x=0. Here, "d^8/dx^8" means "8th derivative w.r.t. x" of the column k g.f. Doing so, we get T(n=8, k) = (k^6 - k^5 + k^4 + 3*k^3 + 2*k^2 - 2*k + 4)*(k + 1)*k/16, which is the formula given for sequence A060560. (Here, we use this formula only for 1 <= k <= 8.)
(End)
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REFERENCES
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N. Zagaglia Salvi, Ordered partitions and colourings of cycles and necklaces, Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl., 27 (1999), 37-40.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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See Maple code.
T(n,k) = ((1+k)*k^{n/2}/2 + (1/n)*Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*k^d)/2, if n is even, and = (k^{(n+1)/2} + (1/n)*Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*k^d)/2, if n is odd.
G.f. for column k: (1/2)*((k*x+k*(k+1)*x^2/2)/(1-k*x^2) - Sum_{n>=1} (phi(n)/n)*log(1-k*x^n)) provided we chop off the Taylor expansion starting at x^k (and ignore all the terms x^n with n<k).
(End)
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EXAMPLE
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1, 13, 92, 430, 1505, 4291; (A027670)
1, 18, 198, 1300, 5895, 20646, 60028; (A060532)
1, 30, 498, 4435, 25395, 107331, 365260, 1058058; (A060560)
...
For example, when n=k=3, we have the following T(3,3)=10 bracelets of 3 beads using up to 3 colors: 000, 001, 002, 011, 012, 022, 111, 112, 122, and 222. (Note that 012 = 120 = 201 = 210 = 102 = 021.) Petros Hadjicostas, Nov 29 2017
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MAPLE
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local d, t1;
t1 := 0;
if n mod 2 = 0 then
for d from 1 to n do
if n mod d = 0 then
t1 := t1+numtheory[phi](d)*k^(n/d);
end if;
end do:
(t1+(n/2)*(1+k)*k^(n/2)) /(2*n) ;
else
for d from 1 to n do
if n mod d = 0 then
t1 := t1+numtheory[phi](d)*k^(n/d);
end if;
end do;
(t1+n*k^((n+1)/2)) /(2*n) ;
end if;
end proc:
seq(seq(A081720(n, k), k=1..n), n=1..10) ;
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MATHEMATICA
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t[n_, k_] := (For[t1 = 0; d = 1, d <= n, d++, If[Mod[n, d] == 0, t1 = t1 + EulerPhi[d]*k^(n/d)]]; If[EvenQ[n], (t1 + (n/2)*(1 + k)*k^(n/2))/(2*n), (t1 + n*k^((n + 1)/2))/(2*n)]); Table[t[n, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 13 2012, after Maple, updated Nov 02 2017 *)
Needs["Combinatorica`"]; Table[Table[NumberOfNecklaces[n, k, Dihedral], {k, 1, n}], {n, 1, 8}]//Grid (* Geoffrey Critzer, Oct 07 2012, after code by T. D. Noe in A027671 *)
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A321791 (extension to n >= 0, k >= 0).
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KEYWORD
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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