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A081567
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Second binomial transform of F(n+1).
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28
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1, 3, 10, 35, 125, 450, 1625, 5875, 21250, 76875, 278125, 1006250, 3640625, 13171875, 47656250, 172421875, 623828125, 2257031250, 8166015625, 29544921875, 106894531250, 386748046875, 1399267578125, 5062597656250
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OFFSET
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0,2
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COMMENTS
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Case k=2 of family of recurrences a(n) = (2k+1)*a(n-1) - A028387(k-1)*a(n-2), a(0)=1, a(1)=k+1.
Number of (s(0), s(1), ..., s(2n+1)) such that 0 < s(i) < 10 and |s(i) - s(i-1)| = 1 for i = 1, 2, ..., 2*n+1, s(0) = 3, s(2*n+1) = 4.
a(n+1) gives the number of periodic multiplex juggling sequences of length n with base state <2>. - Steve Butler, Jan 21 2008
a(n) is also the number of idempotent order-preserving partial transformations (of an n-element chain) of waist n (waist(alpha) = max(Im(alpha))). - Abdullahi Umar, Sep 14 2008
Counts all paths of length (2*n+1), n>=0, starting at the initial node on the path graph P_9, see the Maple program. - Johannes W. Meijer, May 29 2010
Given the 3 X 3 matrix M = [1,1,1; 1,1,0; 1,1,3], a(n) = term (1,1) in M^(n+1). - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 06 2010
Number of nonisomorphic graded posets with 0 and 1 of rank n+2, with exactly 2 elements of each rank level between 0 and 1. Also the number of nonisomorphic graded posets with 0 of rank n+1, with exactly 2 elements of each rank level above 0. (This is by Stanley's definition of graded, that all maximal chains have the same length.) - David Nacin, Feb 26 2012
a(n) = 3^n a(n;1/3) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k) * F(k-1) * (-1)^k * 3^(n-k), which also implies the Deleham formula given below and where a(n;d), n=0,1,...,d, denote the delta-Fibonacci numbers defined in comments to A000045 (see also the papers of Witula et al.). - Roman Witula, Jul 12 2012
The limiting ratio a(n)/a(n-1) is 1 + phi^2. - Bob Selcoe, Mar 17 2014
a(n) counts closed walks on K_2 containing 3 loops on the index vertex and 2 loops on the other. Equivalently the (1,1) entry of A^n where the adjacency matrix of digraph is A=(3,1; 1,2). - David Neil McGrath, Nov 18 2014
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REFERENCES
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R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pages 96-100.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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a(n) = 5*a(n-1) - 5*a(n-2) for n >= 2, with a(0) = 1 and a(1) = 3.
a(n) = (1/2 - sqrt(5)/10) * (5/2 - sqrt(5)/2)^n + (sqrt(5)/10 + 1/2) * (sqrt(5)/2 + 5/2)^n.
G.f.: (1 - 2*x)/(1 - 5*x + 5*x^2).
a(n-1) = Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n, k)*F(k)^2. - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 26 2003
The sequence 0, 1, 3, 10, ... with a(n) = (5/2 - sqrt(5)/2)^n/5 + (5/2 + sqrt(5)/2)^n/5 - 2(0)^n/5 is the binomial transform of F(n)^2 (A007598). - Paul Barry, Apr 27 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(n, j)*binomial(j+k, 2k);
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} Sum_{j=0..n} binomial(n, k+j)*binomial(k, k-j)2^(n-k-j);
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} Sum_{j=0..n-k} binomial(n+k-j, n-k-j)*binomial(k, j)(-1)^j*2^(n-k-j). (End)
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=-floor(n/5)..floor(n/5)} ((-1)^k*binomial(2*n, n+5*k)/2). -Mircea Merca, Jan 28 2012
G.f.: Q(0,u)/x - 1/x, where u=x/(1-2*x), Q(k,u) = 1 + u^2 + (k+2)*u - u*(k+1 + u)/Q(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Oct 07 2013
For n>=3: a(n) = a(n-1)*(3+(a(n-1) mod a(n-2) - a(n-2) mod a(n-3))/(a(n-2) - a(n-3))). - Bob Selcoe, Mar 17 2014
a(n) = sqrt(5)^(n-1)*(3*S(n-1, sqrt(5)) - sqrt(5)*S(n-2, sqrt(5))) with Chebyshev's S-polynomials (see A049310), where S(-1, x) = 0 and S(-2, x) = -1. This is the (1,1) entry of A^n with the matrix A=(3,1;1,2). See the comment by David Neil McGrath, Nov 18 2014. - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 04 2014
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EXAMPLE
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a(4)=125: 35*(3 + (35 mod 10 - 10 mod 3)/(10-3)) = 35*(3 + 4/7) = 125. - Bob Selcoe, Mar 17 2014
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MAPLE
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with(GraphTheory):G:=PathGraph(9): A:= AdjacencyMatrix(G): nmax:=23; n2:=nmax*2+2: for n from 0 to n2 do B(n):=A^n; a(n):=add(B(n)[1, k], k=1..9); od: seq(a(2*n+1), n=0..nmax); # Johannes W. Meijer, May 29 2010
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MATHEMATICA
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PROG
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(Magma) I:=[1, 3]; [n le 2 select I[n] else 5*Self(n-1)-5*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 27 2012
(Python)
def a(n, adict={0:1, 1:3}):
if n in adict:
return adict[n]
adict[n]=5*a(n-1) - 5*a(n-2)
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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easy,nonn
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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