|
| |
|
|
A056857
|
|
Triangle read by rows: T(n,c) = number of successive equalities in set partitions of n.
|
|
34
|
|
|
|
1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 5, 6, 3, 1, 15, 20, 12, 4, 1, 52, 75, 50, 20, 5, 1, 203, 312, 225, 100, 30, 6, 1, 877, 1421, 1092, 525, 175, 42, 7, 1, 4140, 7016, 5684, 2912, 1050, 280, 56, 8, 1, 21147, 37260, 31572, 17052, 6552, 1890, 420, 72, 9, 1, 115975, 211470, 186300, 105240, 42630, 13104, 3150, 600, 90, 10, 1
(list;
table;
graph;
refs;
listen;
history;
text;
internal format)
|
|
|
|
OFFSET
|
1,4
|
|
|
COMMENTS
|
Number of successive equalities s_i = s_{i+1} in a set partition {s_1, ..., s_n} of {1, ..., n}, where s_i is the subset containing i, s(1) = 1 and s(i) <= 1 + max of previous s(j)'s.
T(n,c) = number of set partitions of the set {1,2,...,n} in which the size of the block containing the element 1 is k+1. Example: T(4,2)=3 because we have 123|4, 124|3 and 134|2. - Emeric Deutsch, Nov 10 2006
Let P be the lower-triangular Pascal-matrix (A007318), Then this is exp(P) / exp(1). - Gottfried Helms, Mar 30 2007. [This comment was erroneously attached to A011971, but really belongs here. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 02 2015]
From David Pasino (davepasino(AT)yahoo.com), Apr 15 2009: (Start)
As an infinite lower-triangular matrix (with offset 0 rather than 1, so the entries would be B(n - c)*binomial(n, c), B() a Bell number, rather than B(n - 1 - c)*binomial(n - 1, c) as below), this array is S P S^-1 where P is the Pascal matrix A007318, S is the Stirling2 matrix A048993, and S^-1 is the Stirling1 matrix A048994.
Also, S P S^-1 = (1/e)*exp(P). (End)
Build a superset Q[n] of set partitions of {1,2,...,n} by distinguishing "some" (possibly none or all) of the singletons. Indexed from n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n, T(n,k) is the number of elements in Q[n] that have exactly k distinguished singletons. A singleton is a subset containing one element. T(3,1) = 6 because we have {{1}'{2,3}}, {{1,2}{3}'}, {{1,3}{2}'}, {{1}'{2}{3}}, {{1}{2}'{3}}, {{1}{2}{3}'}. - Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 10 2012
Let Bell(n,x) denote the n-th Bell polynomial, the n-th row polynomial of A048993. Then this is the triangle of connection constants when expressing the basis polynomials Bell(n,x + 1) in terms of the basis polynomials Bell(n,x). For example, row 3 is (5, 6, 3, 1) and 5 + 6*Bell(1,x) + 3*Bell(2,x) + Bell(3,x) = 5 + 6*x + 3*(x + x^2) + (x + 3*x^2 + x^3) = 5 + 10*x + 6*x^2 + x^3 = (x + 1) + 3*(x + 1)^2 + (x + 1)^3 = Bell(3,x + 1). - Peter Bala, Sep 17 2013
|
|
|
REFERENCES
|
W. C. Yang, Conjectures on some sequences involving set partitions and Bell numbers, preprint, 2000. [Apparently unpublished]
|
|
|
LINKS
|
H. W. Becker, Rooks and rhymes, Math. Mag., 22 (1948/49), 23-26. [Annotated scanned copy]
|
|
|
FORMULA
|
T(n,c) = B(n-1-c)*binomial(n-1, c), where T(n,c) is the number of set partitions of {1, ..., n} that have c successive equalities and B() is a Bell number.
G.f.: 1/(1-xy-x-x^2/(1-xy-2x-2x^2/(1-xy-3x-3x^2/(1-xy-4x-4x^2/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Apr 23 2009
Considered as triangle T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n: T(n,k) = A007318(n,k)*A000110(n-k) and Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^k = A000296(n), A000110(n), A000110(n+1), A005493(n), A005494(n), A045379(n) for x = -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 13 2009
Let R(n,x) denote the n-th row polynomial of the triangle. Then A000110(n+j) = Bell(n+j,1) = Sum_{k = 1..n} R(j,k)*Stirling2(n,k) (Spivey). - Peter Bala, Sep 17 2013
|
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
For example {1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3} is a set partition of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and has 1 successive equality, at i = 4.
Triangle begins:
1;
1, 1;
2, 2, 1;
5, 6, 3, 1;
15, 20, 12, 4, 1;
52, 75, 50, 20, 5, 1;
203, 312, 225, 100, 30, 6, 1;
...
Production matrix is
1, 1;
1, 1, 1;
1, 2, 1, 1;
1, 3, 3, 1, 1;
1, 4, 6, 4, 1, 1;
1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1, 1;
1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1, 1;
1, 7, 21, 35, 35, 21, 7, 1, 1;
1, 8, 28, 56, 70, 56, 28, 8, 1, 1; ... (End)
|
|
|
MAPLE
|
with(combinat): A056857:=(n, c)->binomial(n-1, c)*bell(n-1-c): for n from 1 to 11 do seq(A056857(n, c), c=0..n-1) od; # yields sequence in triangular form; Emeric Deutsch, Nov 10 2006
with(linalg): # Yields sequence in matrix form:
A056857_matrix := n -> subs(exp(1)=1, exponential(exponential(
matrix(n, n, [seq(seq(`if`(j=k+1, j, 0), k=0..n-1), j=0..n-1)])))):
|
|
|
MATHEMATICA
|
t[n_, k_] := BellB[n-1-k]*Binomial[n-1, k]; Flatten[ Table[t[n, k], {n, 1, 11}, {k, 0, n-1}]](* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 25 2012, after Emeric Deutsch *)
|
|
|
PROG
|
(PARI)
B(n) = sum(k=0, n, stirling(n, k, 2));
tabl(nn)={for(n=1, nn, for(k=0, n - 1, print1(B(n - 1 - k) * binomial(n - 1, k), ", "); ); print(); ); };
(Python)
from sympy import bell, binomial
for n in range(1, 12):
print([bell(n - 1 - k) * binomial(n - 1, k) for k in range(n)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Mar 19 2017
(SageMath)
def a(n): return (-1)^n / factorial(n)
@cached_function
def p(n, m):
R = PolynomialRing(QQ, "x")
if n == 0: return R(a(m))
return R((m + x)*p(n - 1, m) - (m + 1)*p(n - 1, m + 1))
for n in range(11): print(p(n, 0).list()) # Peter Luschny, Jun 18 2023
|
|
|
CROSSREFS
|
|
|
|
KEYWORD
|
|
|
|
AUTHOR
|
Winston C. Yang (winston(AT)cs.wisc.edu), Aug 31 2000
|
|
|
EXTENSIONS
|
|
|
|
STATUS
|
approved
|
| |
|
|
