Template:Math

The following documentation is located at Template:Math/doc. [<Edit> Template:Math/doc]
[⧼Purge⧽ Template:Math]

This template is under construction.

Please do not use this unfinished and/or still unreliable template.

MS Edge chops the $L a T e X$ PNG’s, whether we use the {{math}} template or the <math>...</math> tags.

NOTE: The {{math}} [experimental] OEIS Wiki utility template typesets [simple enough] mathematical expressions and/or their numerical results in either HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ , using MediaWiki templates (this template and mathematical formatting templates/mathematical function templates) without any JavaScript whatsoever [neither client-side nor server-side] (since the OEIS Wiki [MediaWiki] server currently supports neither client-side MathJax nor server-side MathJax) which avoids the “Flash Of Unstyled Content” issue that affects the client-side JavaScript based [client-side] MathJax.
(The Editorial Board might consider, or not, the installation of Extension:MathJax to the MediaWiki server in the future though.)

Currently, the OEIS Wiki server is configured to render mathematical expressions typeset in $T e X$ ( $L a T e X$ ) into raster (bitmap) images (usually PNG format, file extension .png) generated by Extension:Math installed on the MediaWiki server. Those raster images put an extra load on the MediaWiki server, take extra bandwith, slow down the page rendering, don't scale nicely from a small handheld display to a large monitor/projector display, as do vector images (e.g. SVG format, file extension .svg).

The raster images for inline math also don't usually align properly when used with $L a T e X$ \textstyle (which we should be using if the font size of the rendered .png images matched with the font size of the surrounding text) or the \scriptstyle kludge (which we [unfortunately and inappropriately] have to resort using to get a closer match of font sizes, with the caveat that we don't get the proper spacing around binary operators and/or relations). The raster images for standalone math look great with $L a T e X$ \displaystyle though. (The font size of \textstyle and \displaystyle are the same and should match the font size of the surrounding text as one observes in any mathematics book. The difference is, for example, in the use of subscript/superscript notation for text style large operators (e.g. sum, product, integral) instead of underscript/overscript notation for display style).

Usage

{{math|HTML+CSS markup (mathematical expression)|tex = $L a T e X$ code (mathematical expression)|format}}

where format is among

$: $L a T e X$ code (inline text style);
$$: $L a T e X$ code (display style);
&: HTML+CSS markup (inline text style);
&&: HTML+CSS markup (display style).

1 Usage
2 Maintenance categories for the {{math}} template or the <math>...</math> tag
3 Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX
- 3.1 Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX for inline [textstyle] math
- 3.2 Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX for standalone [displaystyle] math
4 Baseline alignment with inline style
- 4.1 \textstyle vs \scriptstyle
5 Examples
6 Tests
- 6.1 10,000 character limit for template arguments
7 Alternatives
8 Comparison of math renderings for MathML (Firefox) vs MathJax (Firefox) vs PNG (Firefox) vs Chrome Server Side SVG
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links

Maintenance categories for the `{{math}}` template or the `<math>...</math>` tag

Category:Pages using the math template without HTML+CSS as first argument

Category:Pages using the math template without the tex argument

Category:Pages with math errors (lists pages with

L a T e X

syntax errors)

Category:Pages with math render errors (lists pages where a temporary error occurred in the mathematics

L a T e X

rendering process)

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$

Eventually, the OEIS administrators might decide to enforce $L a T e X$ for inline [textstyle] math and/or standalone [displaystyle] math, to show PNG's or to support either server-side or client-side MathJax to get HTML+CSS or MathML or SVG's. Another possibility would be to let the user choose between the HTML+CSS obtained from the templates or $L a T e X$ to be used by MathJax.

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for inline [textstyle] math

To enforce (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for inline [textstyle] math: {{math/textstyle}} with one of only 3 options: htm, tex or <blank>.

htm or tex to tell the {{math}} template how to render text style throughout OEIS Wiki, <blank> (empty string) to let {{math}} choose from & or $ argument.

NOTE: TO USE OPTIONS htm or tex ALL {{math|...|&}} AND {{math|...|$}} TEMPLATE CALLS THROUGHOUT OEIS WIKI MUST BE PROVIDED WITH HTML+CSS as {{{1}}} and $L a T e X$ as {{{tex}}}!

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for standalone [displaystyle] math

To enforce (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for standalone [displaystyle] math: {{math/displaystyle}} with one of only 3 options: htm, tex or <blank>.

htm or tex to tell the {{math}} template how to render text style throughout OEIS Wiki, <blank> (empty string) to let {{math}} choose from && or $$ argument.

NOTE: TO USE OPTIONS htm or tex ALL {{math|...|&&}} AND {{math|...|$$}} TEMPLATE CALLS THROUGHOUT OEIS WIKI MUST BE PROVIDED WITH HTML+CSS as {{{1}}} and $L a T e X$ as {{{tex}}}!

Baseline alignment with inline style

The following compares (for $L a T e X$ rendered .png images and HTML+CSS) how good/bad is the baseline alignment with inline style:

the polynomials <math>\scriptstyle ax + b </math> and <math>\scriptstyle x^3 + x^2 + 1 </math> render as: the polynomials $\scriptstyle ax+b$ and $\scriptstyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$ (see how $L a T e X$ uses vertical-align: middle; by default for the rendered images)
the polynomials <math style="vertical-align: baseline;">\scriptstyle ax + b </math> and <math style="vertical-align: baseline;">\scriptstyle x^3 + x^2 + 1 </math> render as: the polynomials $\scriptstyle ax+b$ and $\scriptstyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$ (using vertical-align: baseline; the baselines [sort of] align properly in this case; although vertical-align: middle; is what's needed if we have e.g. fractions)
the polynomials {{math| ''ax'' + ''b'' |&}} and {{math| ''x''{{^|3}} + ''x''{{^|2}} + 1 |&}} render as: the polynomials 
ax + b
and 
x 3 + x 2 + 1
(see how the baselines of the polynomials align properly with the surrounding text, at least when the tweaking of the {{math}} template is completed...).

$L a T e X$ has the four style commands:

\displaystyle (display style is the default style; $L a T e X$ uses Computer Modern 10 point font; big operators, e.g. sum, product and integral, use underscript/overscript notation; vertical-align: middle; used as default for the rendered .png images).
\textstyle ( $L a T e X$ uses Computer Modern 10 point font; big operators, e.g. sum, product and integral, use subscript/superscript notation; unfortunately this font is larger than the surrounding text font used in OEIS Wiki, and the baseline often doesn't align properly because of the use of vertical-align: middle; as default for the rendered .png images);
\scriptstyle (for subscripts or superscripts; $L a T e X$ uses Computer Modern 7 point font; unfortunately, this is not that good a substitute for \textstyle since this font is somewhat smaller than the surrounding text font used in OEIS Wiki, and the baseline often doesn't align properly because of the use of vertical-align: middle; as default for the rendered .png images);
\scriptscriptstyle (for subscripts/superscripts of subscripts/superscripts of ..., i.e. second order and higher; $L a T e X$ uses Computer Modern 5 point font);

Examples (since the font size of \textstyle is much larger than for the surrounding HTML text, while the font size of \scriptstyle almost matches, albeit a bit too small, we [unfortunately and inappropriately] have to resort to the use of \scriptstyle for inline formulas):

default style (\displaystyle): (...) where
$ax+b$

$x^{3}+x^{2}+1$

$\sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$

For block formulas, not for inline formulas, operators use underscripts and overscripts.
\displaystyle: (...) where
$\displaystyle ax+b$

$\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$

$\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$

For block formulas, not for inline formulas, operators use underscripts and overscripts.
\textstyle: (...) where $\textstyle ax+b$ and $\textstyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$ are (...); (...) we have $\textstyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$ since (...);
For inline formulas, not for block formulas, operators use subscripts and superscripts, baselines should align but they don't because the PNG images have the vertical align: middle; (which works best for multiple row expressions, e.g. rational expressions, sums, products, and integrals) as default CSS attribute, instead of vertical align: baseline; (which works best for single row expressions, e.g. polynomial expressions); font size is larger than for the surrounding HTML text.
\scriptstyle: (...) where $\scriptstyle ax+b$ and $\scriptstyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$ are (...); (...) we have $\scriptstyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$ since (...);
For first level of subscripts, superscripts, underscripts and overscripts.
\scriptscriptstyle: (...) where $\scriptscriptstyle ax+b$ and $\scriptscriptstyle x^{3}+x^{2}+1$ are (...); (...) we have $\scriptscriptstyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$ since (...);
For second (and higher) level of subscripts, superscripts, underscripts and overscripts.

`\textstyle` vs `\scriptstyle`

Note: If we can figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 75% (when we scale it down by 75%) we could use \textstyle instead of the \scriptstyle kludge for inline $L a T e X$ with the {{math}} template.

The code

lorem ipsum <math>\textstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math> lorem ipsum

yields the text style inline $L a T e X$

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <math height="75%" width="75%">\textstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math> lorem ipsum

yields the text style inline $L a T e X$ (can't resize this way!)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <math style="height: 75%; width: 75%;">\textstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math> lorem ipsum

yields the text style inline $L a T e X$ (you get 75% of the window width this way, not what we want!)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <span style="{{transform-scale|0.75|0.75}}"><math>\textstyle ax + b</math></span> lorem ipsum

yields the scaled down 75% text style inline $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, we have to figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 75%)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <span style="margin: 0 -0.5em 0 -0.5em;<!-- trbl --> {{transform-scale|0.75|0.75}}"><math>\textstyle ax + b</math></span> lorem ipsum

yields the scaled down 75% text style inline $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, we have to figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 75%)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <span style="margin: 0 -0.6em 0 -0.6em;<!-- trbl --> {{transform-scale|0.7|0.7}}"><math>\textstyle ax + b</math></span> lorem ipsum

yields the scaled down 70% text style inline $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, we have to figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 70%)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <span style="margin: 0 -2em 0 -2em;<!-- trbl --> {{transform-scale|0.75|0.75}}"><math>\textstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math></span> lorem ipsum

yields the scaled down 75% text style inline $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, we have to figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 75%)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <span style="margin: 0 -2.4em 0 -2.4em;<!-- trbl --> {{transform-scale|0.7|0.7}}"><math>\textstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math></span> lorem ipsum

yields the scaled down 70% text style inline $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, we have to figure out how to reduce the width of the math element by 70%)

lorem ipsum

\textstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

The code

lorem ipsum <math>\scriptstyle ax + b, \text{ and } x^3 + x^2 + 1</math> lorem ipsum

yields the script style inline $L a T e X$ (the \scriptstyle kludge doesn't give the spacings we need around binary operators and/or relations)

lorem ipsum

\scriptstyle ax+b,{\text{ and }}x^{3}+x^{2}+1

lorem ipsum

Examples

The following examples are shown on a light grey background, i.e. , to insure that the HTML+CSS and $L a T e X$ renderings have a transparent background.

Note how the [single row] inline mathematical expressions have proper baseline alignment with the surrounding text (it should, once the tweaking is done...) when using & (inline style HTML+CSS markup) format, as opposed to $ (inline style $L a T e X$ markup) format.

`1.3688081078532235\ldots`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots}}|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

1.3688081078532235…

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots|tex}}|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {1.3688081078532235\ldots }

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : before {{math|1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots}}|&&}} after yields the display style HTML+CSS

1.3688081078532235…

The code : before {{math| 1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots|tex}} |$$}} after yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {1.3688081078532235\ldots }\end{array}}

`−1.3688081078532235\ldots`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|{{op|-}}1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots}}|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

− 1.3688081078532235…

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|-1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots|tex}}|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {-1.3688081078532235\ldots }

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : before {{math|{{op|-}}1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots}}|&&}} after yields the display style HTML+CSS

−1.3688081078532235…

The code : before {{math|-1.3688081078532235{{...|ldots|tex}}|$$}} after yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {-1.3688081078532235\ldots }\end{array}}

`{ }_2 F_3`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|{{sub|2}}{{sp|1}}''F''{{sp|-1}}{{sub|3}}|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

2 F3

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|{ }_2 F_3|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {{}_{2}F_{3}}

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : before {{math|{{sub|2}}{{sp|1}}''F''{{sp|-1}}{{sub|3}}|&&}} after yields the display style HTML+CSS

2 F3

The code : before {{math|{ }_2 F_3|$$}} after yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {{}_{2}F_{3}}\end{array}}

`x^3 + 2x^2 + 10x - 20`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|''x''{{^|3}} {{op|+}} 2''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 10''x'' {{op|-}} 20|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

x 3 + 2x 2 + 10x − 20

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|''x''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|+}} 2''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 10''x'' {{op|-}} 20|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {x^{3}+2x^{2}+10x{\,}-{\,}20}

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{math|''x''{{^|3}} {{op|+}} 2''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 10''x'' {{op|-}} 20|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 3 + 2x 2 + 10x − 20

The code : {{math|''x''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|+}} 2''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 10''x'' {{op|-}} 20|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {x^{3}+2x^{2}+10x-20}\end{array}}

`1 + \frac{22}{60} + \frac{7}{60^2} + \frac{42}{60^3} + \frac{33}{60^4} + \frac{4}{60^5} + \frac{40}{60^6}`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|1 + {{tfrac|22|60}} + {{tfrac|7|60{{^|2}}}} + {{tfrac|42|60{{^|3}}}} + {{tfrac|33|60{{^|4}}}} + {{tfrac|4|60{{^|5}}}} + {{tfrac|40|60{{^|6}}}}|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

1 +

22

60

+

7

60 2

+

42

60 3

+

33

60 4

+

4

60 5

+

40

60 6

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|1 + {{frac|22|60|tex}} + {{frac|7|60{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|42|60{{^|3|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|33|60{{^|4|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|4|60{{^|5|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|40|60{{^|6|tex}}|tex}}|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {1+{\frac {22}{60}}+{\frac {7}{60^{2}}}+{\frac {42}{60^{3}}}+{\frac {33}{60^{4}}}+{\frac {4}{60^{5}}}+{\frac {40}{60^{6}}}}

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{math|1 + {{frac|22|60}} + {{frac|7|60{{^|2}}}} + {{frac|42|60{{^|3}}}} + {{frac|33|60{{^|4}}}} + {{frac|4|60{{^|5}}}} + {{frac|40|60{{^|6}}}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

1 +

22

60

+

7

60 2

+

42

60 3

+

33

60 4

+

4

60 5

+

40

60 6

The code : {{math|1 + {{frac|22|60|tex}} + {{frac|7|60{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|42|60{{^|3|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|33|60{{^|4|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|4|60{{^|5|tex}}|tex}} + {{frac|40|60{{^|6|tex}}|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {1+{\frac {22}{60}}+{\frac {7}{60^{2}}}+{\frac {42}{60^{3}}}+{\frac {33}{60^{4}}}+{\frac {4}{60^{5}}}+{\frac {40}{60^{6}}}}\end{array}}

`\sqrt[7]{2}`

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|{{root|2|7}}|&}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style HTML+CSS

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before 

7√ 2

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{repeat|2|{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}{{nl}}}}before {{math|{{root|2|7|tex}}|$}} after{{repeat|2|{{nl}}{{repeat|5|yadda{{nbsp}}}}}} yields the text style $L a T e X$

yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
before

\textstyle {\sqrt[{7}]{2}}

after
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda
yadda yadda yadda yadda yadda

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

7√ 2

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\sqrt[{7}]{2}}\end{array}}

`Value of \sqrt[7]{2}`

The code : before {{math|{{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

1.1040895136738…

after

The code : before {{math|{{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {1.1040895136738\ldots }

after

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

1.1040895136738…

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {1.1040895136738\ldots }\end{array}}

`\sqrt[7]{2} =` value of `\sqrt[7]{2}`

The code : before {{math|{{root|2|7}} {{=}} {{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

7√ 2

= 1.1040895136738…

after

The code : before {{math|{{root|2|7|tex}} {{=}} {{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {{\sqrt[{7}]{2}}=1.1040895136738\ldots }

after

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7}} {{=}} {{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

7√ 2

= 1.1040895136738…

The code : {{math|{{root|2|7|tex}} {{=}} {{root|2|7|#}}{{...|ldots|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {{\sqrt[{7}]{2}}=1.1040895136738\ldots }\end{array}}

`(x^2 + 1)(y^3 - 1)^2`

The code : before {{math|({{sp|1}}''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 1){{sp|1}}({{sp|2}}''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1){{^|2}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

( x 2 + 1) ( y 3 − 1) 2

after

The code : before {{math|(''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 1) (''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1){{^|2|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {(x^{2}+1)(y^{3}{\,}-{\,}1)^{2}}

after

The code : {{math|({{sp|1}}''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 1){{sp|1}}({{sp|2}}''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1){{^|2}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

( x 2 + 1) ( y 3 − 1) 2

The code : {{math|(''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 1) (''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1){{^|2|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {(x^{2}+1)(y^{3}-1)^{2}}\end{array}}

`(x - h)^2 / a^2 - (y - k)^2 / b^2 = 1`

The code : before {{math|{{frac|({{sp|1}}''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''a''{{^|2}}}} {{op|-}} {{frac|({{sp|2}}''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''b''{{^|2}}}} {{=}} 1|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

( x − h ) 2

a 2

−

( y − k ) 2

b 2

= 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{frac|(''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''){{^|2|tex}}|''a''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{op|-}} {{frac|(''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''){{^|2|tex}}|''b''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{=}} 1|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {{\frac {(x{\,}-{\,}h)^{2}}{a^{2}}}{\,}-{\,}{\frac {(y{\,}-{\,}k)^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1}

after

The code : {{math|{{frac|({{sp|1}}''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''a''{{^|2}}}} {{op|-}} {{frac|({{sp|2}}''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''b''{{^|2}}}} {{=}} 1|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

( x − h ) 2

a 2

−

( y − k ) 2

b 2

= 1

The code : {{math|{{frac|(''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''){{^|2|tex}}|''a''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{op|-}} {{frac|(''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''){{^|2|tex}}|''b''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{=}} 1|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {{\frac {(x-h)^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {(y-k)^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1}\end{array}}

`\frac{x^2 + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|htm}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

x 2 + 1

y 3 − 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {\frac {x^{2}+1}{y^{3}{\,}-{\,}1}}

after

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|HTM}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 2 + 1

y 3 − 1

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+1}{y^{3}-1}}\end{array}}

`\frac{x^2 + xy + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} ''xy'' {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

x 2 + xy + 1

y 3 − 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} ''xy'' {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {\frac {x^{2}+xy+1}{y^{3}{\,}-{\,}1}}

after

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} ''xy'' {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|HTM}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 2 + xy + 1

y 3 − 1

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} ''xy'' {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+xy+1}{y^{3}-1}}\end{array}}

`\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{xy} + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

x 2 +

2√ xy

+ 1

y 3 − 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {\frac {x^{2}+{\sqrt {xy}}+1}{y^{3}{\,}-{\,}1}}

after

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|HTM}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 2 +

2√ xy

+ 1

y 3 − 1

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+{\sqrt {xy}}+1}{y^{3}-1}}\end{array}}

`\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{\tfrac{x - 1}{y}} + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|-}} 1|''y''}}|HTM}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

x 2 +

2√

x − 1

y

+ 1

y 3 − 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} + {{sqrt|{{tfrac|''x'' - 1|''y''|tex}}|tex}} + 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} - 1|tex}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {\frac {x^{2}+{\sqrt {\tfrac {x-1}{y}}}+1}{y^{3}-1}}

after

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|-}} 1|''y''}}|HTM}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|HTM}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 2 +

2√

x − 1

y

+ 1

y 3 − 1

The code : {{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} + {{sqrt|{{tfrac|''x'' - 1|''y''|tex}}|tex}} + 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} - 1|tex}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+{\sqrt {\tfrac {x-1}{y}}}+1}{y^{3}-1}}\end{array}}

`\sqrt[31]{x^2 - \left( \tfrac{x + 1}{z - 1} \right) + 1}`

The code : before {{math|{{root|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|-}} {{paren|l}}{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|+}} 1|''z'' {{op|-}} 1}}{{paren|r}} {{op|+}} 1|31|HTM}}|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before 

31√ x 2 −

(

x + 1

z − 1

)

+ 1

after

The code : before {{math|{{root|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|-}} {{paren|l|tex}}{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|+}} 1|''z'' {{op|-}} 1|tex}}{{paren|r|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|31|TEX}}|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$

before

\textstyle {\sqrt[{31}]{x^{2}{\,}-{\,}({\tfrac {x+1}{z{\,}-{\,}1}})+1}}

after

The code : {{math|{{root|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|-}} {{paren|l}}{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|+}} 1|''z'' {{op|-}} 1}}{{paren|r}} {{op|+}} 1|31|HTM}}|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

31√ x 2 −

(

x + 1

z − 1

)

+ 1

The code : {{math|{{root|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|-}} {{paren|l|tex}}{{tfrac|''x'' {{op|+}} 1|''z'' {{op|-}} 1|tex}}{{paren|r|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|31|TEX}}|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\sqrt[{31}]{x^{2}-({\tfrac {x+1}{z-1}})+1}}\end{array}}

Examples with boxes

The code

: <table style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 0px;"><tr><td>{{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3}} {{op|-}} 1|HTM}}|&&}}</td></tr></table>

yields the display style HTML+CSS

x 2 +

2√ xy

+ 1

y 3 − 1

The code

: <table style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 0px;"><tr><td>{{math|{{frac|''x''{{^|2|tex}} {{op|+}} {{sqrt|''xy''|tex}} {{op|+}} 1|''y''{{^|3|tex}} {{op|-}} 1|tex}}|$$}}</td></tr></table>

yields the display style $L a T e X$ (transparent background $L a T e X$ within HTML+CSS table)

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\frac {x^{2}+{\sqrt {xy}}+1}{y^{3}-1}}\end{array}}

Examples with color

The code

: before <table style="display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; background: yellow;"><tr><td>{{math|<div style{{=}}"color: red;">{{frac|({{sp|1}}''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''a''{{^|2}}}} {{op|-}} {{frac|({{sp|2}}''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''b''{{^|2}}}} {{=}} 1</div>|&}}</td></tr></table> after

yields the text style HTML+CSS

before

( x − h ) 2

a 2

−

( y − k ) 2

b 2

= 1

after

The code

: before <table style="display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; background: yellow;"><tr><td>{{math|{\color{red} {{frac|(''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''){{^|2|tex}}|''a''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{op|-}} {{frac|(''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''){{^|2|tex}}|''b''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{=}} 1 }|$}}</td></tr></table> after

yields the text style $L a T e X$ (transparent background $L a T e X$ within HTML+CSS table)

before

\textstyle {\color {red}{\frac {(x{\,}-{\,}h)^{2}}{a^{2}}}{\,}-{\,}{\frac {(y{\,}-{\,}k)^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1}

after

The code

: <table style="background: yellow;"><tr><td>{{math|<div style{{=}}"color: red;">{{frac|({{sp|1}}''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''a''{{^|2}}}} {{op|-}} {{frac|({{sp|2}}''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''{{sp|1}}){{^|2}}|''b''{{^|2}}}} {{=}} 1</div>|&&}}</td></tr></table>

yields the display style HTML+CSS

( x − h ) 2

a 2

−

( y − k ) 2

b 2

= 1

The code

: <table style="background: yellow;"><tr><td>{{math|{\color{red} {{frac|(''x'' {{op|-}} ''h''){{^|2|tex}}|''a''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{op|-}} {{frac|(''y'' {{op|-}} ''k''){{^|2|tex}}|''b''{{^|2|tex}}|tex}} {{=}} 1 }|$$}}</td></tr></table>

yields the display style $L a T e X$ (transparent background $L a T e X$ within HTML+CSS table)

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {\color {red}{\frac {(x-h)^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {(y-k)^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1}\end{array}}

Examples with wiki links

Bekenstein–Hawking equation for the entropy of a black hole.

The code : before {{math|{{Wikipedia|Bekenstein-Hawking entropy|''S''{{sub|BH}}}} {{=}} {{frac|{{Wikipedia|Boltzmann's constant|''k''}}{{sp|1}}{{Wikipedia|Speed of light|''c''}}{{^|3}}|4{{sp|1}}{{Wikipedia|Reduced Planck constant|''{{sym|hbar}}''}}{{sp|1}}''{{Wikipedia|Gravitational constant|G}}''}} {{abbr|Area of event horizon|''A''}}|tex = S_{\rm BH} {{=}} \frac{k c^3}{4 \hbar G} A|&}} after yields the text style HTML+CSS

before

SBH =

k c 3

4 ħ G

A

after

The code : before {{math|S_{\rm BH} {{=}} \frac{k c^3}{4 \hbar G} A|$}} after yields the text style $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, no links... unless we can overlay an invisible table with invisible text with links...)

before

\textstyle {S_{\rm {BH}}={\frac {kc^{3}}{4\hbar G}}A}

after

The code : {{math|{{Wikipedia|Bekenstein-Hawking entropy|''S''{{sub|BH}}}} {{=}} {{frac|{{Wikipedia|Boltzmann's constant|''k''}}{{sp|1}}{{Wikipedia|Speed of light|''c''}}{{^|3}}|4{{sp|1}}{{Wikipedia|Reduced Planck constant|''{{sym|hbar}}''}}{{sp|1}}''{{Wikipedia|Gravitational constant|G}}''}} {{abbr|Area of event horizon|''A''}}|tex = S_{\rm BH} {{=}} \frac{k c^3}{4 \hbar G} A|&&}} yields the display style HTML+CSS

SBH =

k c 3

4 ħ G

A

The code : {{math|S_{\rm BH} {{=}} \frac{k c^3}{4 \hbar G} A|$$}} yields the display style $L a T e X$ (unfortunately, no links... unless we can overlay an invisible table with invisible text with links...)

{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle {S_{\rm {BH}}={\frac {kc^{3}}{4\hbar G}}A}\end{array}}

More examples

For more examples, see {{math/tests}}.

For examples of the following:

subscripts and superscripts: see {{sub}}, {{sup}}, {{subsup}}, {{supsub}}

arithmetic operators: see {{op|+}} and {{op|-}}
exponents: see {{^}}

groupings (parentheses, [square] brackets, [curly] braces): see {{(|...|)}}
sets and multisets (bags): see {{set}} and {{multiset}} ({{bag}})

absolute value and norm: see {{abs}} and {{norm}}
floor and ceiling: see {{floor}} and {{ceil}}

fractions: see {{frac}} and {{tfrac}}
continued fractions: see {{cfrac}}

roots (with root index) or square roots (without root index): see {{root}} and {{sqrt}}
nested radicals: see {{nroot}}

summations and products: see {{sum}} and {{prod}}

limits: see {{lim}}, {{liminf}} and {{limsup}}

ordinary differentials and partial differentials: see {{d}}
ordinary derivatives and partial derivatives: see ? and {{partial}}

simple integrals: see {{int}}
double integrals, triple integrals, quadruple integrals, multiple integrals: see {{integral}}
[closed] loop integrals, clockwise [closed] path integrals, counterclockwise [closed] path integrals, [closed] surface integrals, [closed] hypersurface integrals: see {{integral}}

matrices (raw, parenthesized, bracketed, determinant): see {{matrix}}

math environments (e.g. align, cases): see {{begin}} and {{end}}
- "alignment mark": see {{&}}
- "aligning equal sign": see {{&=}}
- "aligning decimal point": see {{&.}}
- "row separator": see {{\\}}
align environment: see {{align}}
cases environment: see {{cases}}

Tests

10,000 character limit for template arguments

Tests pertaining to: “Error: String exceeds 10,000 character limit.”

Trying to determine whether the following count:

comments (do I need to wrap comments within <noinclude>...</noinclude> in all mathematical typesetting templates?)
spaces and newlines (I use a lot of spaces to indent the code to make it readable: in Wikipedia the code is often collapsed in one big lump with minimal use of spaces, which I'm afraid means that spaces probably count, even though browsers treat consecutive spaces and/or newlines as a single space when rendering HTML!)

The code (each group of ten lines with comments has 1000 = 10 x 100 chars, not including new line characters)

{{indent}}{{math|
0000000000          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

1111111111          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

2222222222          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

3333333333          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

4444444444          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

5555555555          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

6666666666          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

7777777777          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

8888888888          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->

9999999999          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
<!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 --><!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->          <!-- 0 -->
|&&}}

yields

0000000000

1111111111

2222222222

3333333333

4444444444

5555555555

6666666666

7777777777

8888888888

9999999999

Alternatives

MathJax

Main article page: MathJax

MathJax^[1] is an open-source JavaScript display engine for mathematics which takes either MathML, $L a T e X$ or ASCIIMathML^[2] as input to get either HTML+CSS, MathML or SVG as output, that works in all modern browsers (with JavaScript enabled, that is). (It is the successor of jsMath.)

Examples with MathJax

The Lorenz equations:

[ 
begin{matrix}
dot{x} & = & sigma(y-x) \
dot{y} & = & rho x - y - xz \
dot{z} & = & -beta z + xy
end{matrix} 
]

The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:

[ left( sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k right)^2 leq left( sum_{k=1}^n a_k^2 right) left( sum_{k=1}^n b_k^2 right) ]

A cross product formula:

[
mathbf{V}_1 times mathbf{V}_2 =  

begin{vmatrix}
mathbf{i} & mathbf{j} & mathbf{k} \
frac{partial X}{partial u} &  frac{partial Y}{partial u} & 0 \               
frac{partial X}{partial v} &  frac{partial Y}{partial v} & 0
end{vmatrix} 
]

Probability of getting (k) heads when flipping (n) coins:

[ P(E) = {n choose k} p^k (1-p)^{ n-k} ]

An identity of Ramanujan:

[ 
frac{1}{(sqrt{phi sqrt{5}}-phi) e^{frac25 pi}} =
1 + frac{e^{-2 pi}} {1 + frac{e^{-4 pi}} {1 + frac{e^{-6 pi}} {1+frac{e^{-8pi}} {1+ldots} } } } 
]

STIX fonts

MathJax uses STIX fonts, which are [scalable] Web fonts. (Web fonts allow Web designers to use fonts that are not installed on the viewer's computer.)

jsMath

Main article page: jsMath

jsMath.js is an Ajax-based math rendering system developed by Davide Cervone in 2004. (It has been superseded by MathJax, its successor.)

Examples with jsMath

Using the "jsMath HTML" option in

http://planetmath.org

the mathematical formulae are rendered with jsMath.js.

Note that in the examples below, some $L a T e X$ has already been converted into HTML character entities, e.g. < instead of < and & instead of &, since the contents of an HTML element cannot be < or & because they are respectively the start of a closing HTML tag and the start of an HTML entity.

Inline display examples:


<span class="math">$D$</span>
<span class="math">$X$</span>
<span class="math">$x \in X$</span>
<span class="math">$y \in D$</span>
<span class="math">$d(x,y) &lt; \varepsilon$</span>
<span class="math">$\mathbb{Q}$</span>
<span class="math">$\mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}$</span>
<span class="math">$\aleph_0$</span>
<span class="math">$d(X)$</span>
<span class="math">$|X| \le 2^{2^{d(X)}}$</span>

Block display examples:


<div class="math">
\int^1_\kappa \left[ \bigl( 1 - w^2 \bigr) \bigl( \kappa^2 - w^2 \bigr) \right]^{-1/2} dw =
\frac{4}{\left( 1 + \sqrt{\kappa} \, \right)^2} K \left( \left( \frac{1 - \sqrt{\kappa}}{1 + \sqrt{\kappa}} \right)^{\!\!2} \right)
</div>

<div class="math">
\mathop{\rm grd} \phi(z) = \left( a + \frac{2d}{\pi} \right) v_\infty \, \overline{f'(z)} =
v_\infty \left[ \pi a + \frac{2d}{\pi a + 2dw^{-1/2}(w-1)^{1/2}} \right]^-
</div>

<div class="math">
- \sum^n_{m=1} \left( \, \sum^\infty_{k=1} \frac{ h^{k-1} }{\left( w_m - z_0 \right)^2} \right) = \sum^\infty_{k=1} s_k \, h^{k-1}
</div>

tex2math

The tex2math.js plugin converts

$ ... $ or $ ... $ into <span class="math"> ... </span> for inline math, and
$$ ... $$ or \[ ... \] into <div class="math"> ... </div> for display math.

TeX fonts

jsMath.js uses $T e X$ fonts.

MathML

Main article page: MathML

MathML has two halves:

a presentation language, and
a content language.

With MathML, users are responsible for installing the appropriate fonts.

ASCIIMathML.js

Noncommercial translation program: ASCIIMathML.

ASCIIMathML.js (ver 2.0): Translating ASCII math notation to MathML and graphics

$T e X$ / $L a T e X$

Main article page: $L a T e X$

The math [server-side] processor for the MediaWiki server is a program called texvc, which generates PNG images for complex expressions but outputs HTML for simple ones.

The best known mathematical browser (client-side) plug-in is techexplorer.

Examples

\nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}} {\partial{t}}

Comparison of math renderings for MathML (Firefox) vs MathJax (Firefox) vs PNG (Firefox) vs Chrome Server Side SVG

Math rendering (MathML vs MathJax vs PNG vs Server Side SVG).png

Notes

References

Donald Knuth, The TeXbook.

External links

Hayes, Brian (2009), “Writing Math on the Web: The Web would make a dandy blackboard if only we could scribble an equation”, American Scientist 92 (2): 98, doi:10.1511/2009.77.98 .
JsMath/MathJax (TeX for Web) — Wiki of the Department of Mathematics of the University of Toronto.
Jukka “Yucca” Korpela. Math in HTML (and CSS) — Section Mathematics & physics and IT of the free information site IT and communication.

jsMath (links)

MathJax (links)

MathJax
What is MathJax?
MathJax v2.0 TeX and LaTeX Support
MathJax v1.1 TeX and LaTeX Support
Supported LaTeX commands
TEX Commands available in MathJax
MathJax Documentation
MathJax TeX and LaTeX Support
MathJax MathML Support
Converting to MathJax from jsMath
The jsMath2jax Preprocessor (jsMath2jax.js)
Browser Compatibility
MathJax Users Forum
MathJax—Wikipedia.org.
MathJax—MediaWiki.org.
Extension:MathJax—MediaWiki.org.
Extension:SimpleMathJax—MediaWiki.org.
Extension:Math—MediaWiki.org. (Math extension provides support for rendering mathematical formulas on-wiki via texvc.)

Mathoid (links)

Moritz Schubotz, Gabriel Wicke, Mathoid: Robust, Scalable, Fast and Accessible Math Rendering for Wikipedia, 2014. arXiv:1404.6179

Web fonts (links)

STIX fonts (The Scientific and Technical Information eXchange font package. A comprehensive set of scientific glyphs.)
Fonts.com Web Fonts
Google web fonts
W3C, CSS Fonts Module Level 3
Extension:WebFonts—MediaWiki.org.
Web typography—Wikipedia.org.

SVG (links)

SVG—Wikipedia.org. (MathJax v2.0-beta introduced SVG rendering)

$T e X$ fonts (links)

Download TeX fonts for jsMath

MathML (links)

$T e X$ / $L a T e X$ (links)

http://www.latex-project.org/
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX
TeX—Wikipedia.org.
LaTeX—Wikipedia.org.
AMS-LaTeX—Wikipedia.org.
Manual:Enable TeX—MediaWiki.org.
Texvc—MediaWiki.org.
Wikipedia:texvc—Wikipedia.org. (The program texvc ( $T e X$ validator and converter) validates (AMS) $L a T e X$ mathematical expressions and converts them to HTML, MathML, or PNG graphics.)
http://khan.github.io/KaTeX/
http://www.intmath.com/cg5/katex-mathjax-comparison.php

[1] ttp://www.mathjax.org/

[2] ttp://asciimath.org/

[1]

[2]

Template:Math

Usage

Contents

Maintenance categories for the {{math}} template or the <math>...</math> tag

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX for inline [textstyle] math

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or LaTeX for standalone [displaystyle] math

Baseline alignment with inline style

\textstyle vs \scriptstyle

Examples

1.3688081078532235\ldots

−1.3688081078532235\ldots

{ }_2 F_3

x^3 + 2x^2 + 10x - 20

1 + \frac{22}{60} + \frac{7}{60^2} + \frac{42}{60^3} + \frac{33}{60^4} + \frac{4}{60^5} + \frac{40}{60^6}

\sqrt[7]{2}

Value of \sqrt[7]{2}

\sqrt[7]{2} = value of \sqrt[7]{2}

(x^2 + 1)(y^3 - 1)^2

(x - h)^2 / a^2 - (y - k)^2 / b^2 = 1

\frac{x^2 + 1}{y^3 - 1}

\frac{x^2 + xy + 1}{y^3 - 1}

\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{xy} + 1}{y^3 - 1}

\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{\tfrac{x - 1}{y}} + 1}{y^3 - 1}

\sqrt[31]{x^2 - \left( \tfrac{x + 1}{z - 1} \right) + 1}

Examples with boxes

Examples with color

Examples with wiki links

More examples

Tests

10,000 character limit for template arguments

Alternatives

MathJax

Examples with MathJax

STIX fonts

jsMath

Examples with jsMath

tex2math

TeX fonts

MathML

ASCIIMathML.js

TeX/LaTeX

Examples

Comparison of math renderings for MathML (Firefox) vs MathJax (Firefox) vs PNG (Firefox) vs Chrome Server Side SVG

See also

Notes

References

External links

jsMath (links)

MathJax (links)

Mathoid (links)

Web fonts (links)

SVG (links)

TeX fonts (links)

MathML (links)

TeX/LaTeX (links)

Navigation menu

Search

Maintenance categories for the `{{math}}` template or the `<math>...</math>` tag

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for inline [textstyle] math

Enforcing (or not) HTML+CSS or $L a T e X$ for standalone [displaystyle] math

`\textstyle` vs `\scriptstyle`

`1.3688081078532235\ldots`

`−1.3688081078532235\ldots`

`{ }_2 F_3`

`x^3 + 2x^2 + 10x - 20`

`1 + \frac{22}{60} + \frac{7}{60^2} + \frac{42}{60^3} + \frac{33}{60^4} + \frac{4}{60^5} + \frac{40}{60^6}`

`\sqrt[7]{2}`

`Value of \sqrt[7]{2}`

`\sqrt[7]{2} =` value of `\sqrt[7]{2}`

`(x^2 + 1)(y^3 - 1)^2`

`(x - h)^2 / a^2 - (y - k)^2 / b^2 = 1`

`\frac{x^2 + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

`\frac{x^2 + xy + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

`\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{xy} + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

`\frac{x^2 + \sqrt{\tfrac{x - 1}{y}} + 1}{y^3 - 1}`

`\sqrt[31]{x^2 - \left( \tfrac{x + 1}{z - 1} \right) + 1}`

$T e X$ / $L a T e X$

$T e X$ fonts (links)

$T e X$ / $L a T e X$ (links)