OFFSET
0,9
COMMENTS
Theory: (Start)
1. Definitions. Let T_(9,j,0) denote the rhombus with sides of unit length (=1), interior angles given by the pair (j*Pi/9,(9-j)*Pi/9) and Area(T_(9,j,0))=sin(j*Pi/9), j in {1,2,3,4}. Associated with T_(9,j,0) are its angle coefficients (j, 9-j) in which one coefficient is even while the other is odd. A half-tile is created by cutting T_(9,j,0) along a line extending between its two corners with even angle coefficient; let H_(9,j,0) denote this half-tile. Similarly, a T_(9,j,r) tile is a linearly scaled version of T_(9,j,0) with sides of length Q^r and Area(T_(9,j,r))=Q^(2*r)*sin(j*Pi/9), r>=0 an integer, where Q is the positive, constant square root Q=sqrt(2*cos(Pi/9)); likewise let H_(9,j,r) denote the corresponding half-tile. Often H_(9,i,r) (i in {1,2,3,4}) can be subdivided into an integral number of each equivalence class H_(9,j,0). But regardless of whether or not H_(9,j,r) subdivides, in theory such a proposed subdivision for each j can be represented by the matrix M=(m_(i,j)), i,j=1,2,3,4, in which the entry m_(i,j) gives the quantity of H_(9,j,0) tiles that should be present in a subdivided H_(9,i,r) tile. The number Q^(2*r) (the square of the scaling factor) is an eigenvalue of M=(U_1)^r, where
U_1=
(0 1 0 0)
(1 0 1 0)
(0 1 0 1)
(0 0 1 1).
2. The sequence. Let r>=0, and let D_r be the r-th "block" defined by D_r={a(3*r-3),a(3*r),a(3*r+1),a(3*r+2)} with a(-3)=0. Note that D_r-D_(r-1)-3*D_(r-2)+2*D_(r-3)+D_(r-4)={0,0,0,0}, for r>=4, with initial conditions {D_k}={{0,0,0,1},{0,0,1,1},{0,1,1,2},{1,1,3,3}}, k=0,1,2,3. Let p={p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4}={-3,0,1,2} and n=3*r+p_i. Then a(n)=a(3*r+p_i)=m_(i,4), where M=(m_(i,j))=(U_1)^r was defined above. Hence the block D_r corresponds component-wise to the fourth column of M, and a(3*r+p_i)=m_(i,4) gives the quantity of H_(9,4,0) tiles that should appear in a subdivided H_(9,i,r) tile. (End)
Combining blocks A_r, B_r, C_r and D_r, from A187495, A187496, A187497 and this sequence, respectively, as matrix columns [A_r,B_r,C_r,D_r] generates the matrix (U_1)^r, and a negative index (-1)*r yields the corresponding inverse [A_(-r),B_(-r),C_(-r),D_(-r)]=(U_1)^(-r) of (U_1)^r.. Therefore the four sequences need not be causal.
Since U_1 is symmetric, so is M=(U_1)^r, so the block D_r also corresponds to the fourth row of M. Therefore, alternatively, for j=1,2,3,4, a(3r+p_j)=m_(4,j) gives the quantity of H_(9,j,0) tiles that should be present in a H_(9,4,r) tile.
Since a(3*r)=a(3*(r+1)-3) for all r, this sequence arises by concatenation of fourth-column entries m_(2,4), m_(3,4) and m_(4,4) (or fourth-row entries m_(4,2), m_(4,3) and m_(4,4)) from successive matrices M=(U_1)^r.
REFERENCES
L. E. Jeffery, Unit-primitive matrices and rhombus substitution tilings, (in preparation).
LINKS
G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
FORMULA
Recurrence: a(n) = a(n-3) +3*a(n-6) -2*a(n-9) -a(n-12), for n >= 12, with initial conditions {a(m)} = {0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,2,1,3,3}, m=0,1,...,11.
G.f.: -x^2*(1+x)*(x^6+3*x^4+2*x^2+1) / ( (1+x+x^2)*(x^9+3*x^6-1) ).
MAPLE
A052931 := proc(n) if n < 0 then 0; else coeftayl(1/(1-3*x^2-x^3), x=0, n) ; end if; end proc:
A052931a := proc(n) if n mod 3 = 0 then A052931(n/3) ; else 0 ; end if; end proc:
A057078 := proc(n) op(1+(n mod 3), [1, 0, -1]) ; end proc:
A187498 := proc(n) -A057078(n) +A052931a(n) +2*A052931a(n-2) +A052931a(n-3) +3*A052931a(n-4) +2*A052931a(n-5) +A052931a(n-6) +3*A052931a(n-7) -A052931a(n-8) ; %/3 ; end proc:
seq(A187498(n), n=0..20) ; # R. J. Mathar, Mar 22 2011
MATHEMATICA
CoefficientList[Series[-x^2*(1 + x)*(x^6 + 3*x^4 + 2*x^2 + 1)/((1 + x + x^2)*(x^9 + 3*x^6 - 1)), {x, 0, 1000}], x] (* G. C. Greubel, Sep 23 2017 *)
PROG
(PARI) x='x+O('x^50); Vec(-x^2*(1+x)*(x^6+3*x^4+2*x^2+1)/((1+x+x^2)*(x^9+3*x^6-1))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Sep 23 2017
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,easy
AUTHOR
L. Edson Jeffery, Mar 16 2011
STATUS
approved