OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
Sequence R_21: Starts with 0,1,21 and satisfies A*C=B^2-1 for successive A,B,C.
The natural numbers a(n)=n satisfy the recurrence a(n-1)*a(n+1)=a(n)^2-1. Let R_r denote the sequence starting with 0,1,r and with this recurrence. We see that R_2 = "the natural numbers" and we find R_3 = A001906. These R_r form a "family" of sequences, which coincides with the m-family (r=m-2, n -> n+1) provided by Wolfdieter Lang (see A078368). This sequence R_21 is strongly related to A041833, which gives the denominators in the continued fraction of sqrt(437).
All positive integer solutions of Pell equation b(n)^2 - 437*a(n)^2 = +4 together with b(n)=A097777(n), n>=0.
For n>=2, a(n) equals the permanent of the (n-1)X(n-1) tridiagonal matrix with 21's along the main diagonal, and i's along the superdiagonal and the subdiagonal (i is the imaginary unit). - John M. Campbell, Jul 08 2011
For n>=1, a(n) equals the number of 01-avoiding words of length n-1 on alphabet {0,1,...,20}. - Milan Janjic, Jan 25 2015
LINKS
Indranil Ghosh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..756
Tanya Khovanova, Recursive Sequences
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (21,-1).
FORMULA
a(0)=0, a(1)=1, a(2)=21 and a(n-1)*a(n+1) = a(n)^2-1
a(n) = S(n-1, 21)=U(n-1, 21/2) with S(n, x)=U(n, x/2) Chebyshev's polynomials of the 2nd kind, A049310. S(-1, x)= 0 = U(-1, x).
a(n) = S(2*n-1, sqrt(23))/sqrt(23), n>=1.
a(n) = 21*a(n-1)-a(n-2), n >= 1; a(0)=0, a(1)=1.
a(n) = (ap^n-am^n)/(ap-am) with ap := (21+sqrt(437))/2 and am := (21-sqrt(437))/2.
G.f.: x/(1-21*x+x^2).
a(n+1) = Sum_{k, 0<=k<=n} A101950(n,k)*20^k. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 10 2012
Product {n >= 1} (1 + 1/a(n)) = 1/19*(19 + sqrt(437)). - Peter Bala, Dec 23 2012
Product {n >= 2} (1 - 1/a(n)) = 1/42*(19 + sqrt(437)). - Peter Bala, Dec 23 2012
EXAMPLE
a(3)=440 because a(1)*440 = a(2)^2-1.
MATHEMATICA
LinearRecurrence[{21, -1}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 23 2015 *)
PROG
(Sage) [lucas_number1(n, 21, 1) for n in range(0, 20)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 25 2008
CROSSREFS
Cf. R_3=A001906, R_4=A001353, R_5=A004254, R_6=A001109, R_7=A004187, R_8=A001090, R_9=A018913, R_10=A004189, R_11=A004190, R_12=A004191, R_13=A078362, R_14=A007655, R_15=A078364, R_16=A077412, R_17=A078366, R_18=A049660, R_19=A078368, R_20=A075843, R_21=this, sequence, R_22=A077421. See also A041219 and A041917.
KEYWORD
easy,nonn
AUTHOR
Rainer Rosenthal, Apr 05 2004
EXTENSIONS
Extension, Chebyshev and Pell comments from Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 31 2004
Corrected by T. D. Noe, Nov 07 2006
STATUS
approved