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A059933
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Goodstein sequence starting with 16: to calculate a(n+1), write a(n) in the hereditary representation in base n+2, then bump the base to n+3, then subtract 1.
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30
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16, 7625597484986, 50973998591214355139406377, 53793641718868912174424175024032593379100060, 19916489515870532960258562190639398471599239042185934648024761145811, 5103708485122940631839901111036829791435007685667303872450435153015345686896530517814322070729709
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OFFSET
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0,1
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COMMENTS
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See A266201 for definitions of and key links for hereditary representation and Goodstein sequences.
Goodstein's theorem shows that the Goodstein sequence G_n(k) eventually stabilizes and then decreases by 1 at each step until it reaches 0. Thereafter the values of G_n(k) < 0 are not part of the sequence. By Goodstein's theorem we conclude that G_n(k) is a finite sequence.
In this case when a(0) = G_0(16) = 16, there seems little possibility of describing how incredibly large n must be for a(n) to reach 0.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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a(n) = G_n(16), where G is the function defined in A266201.
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EXAMPLE
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a(0) = 16 = 2^(2^2) so a(1) = 3^(3^3)-1 = 7625597484986.
So a(1) = 2*3^(2*3^2 + 2*3 + 2) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 2*3 + 1) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 2*3) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 1*3 + 2) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 1*3 + 1) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 1*3) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 2) + 2*3^(2*3^2 + 1) + 2*3^(2*3^2) + 2*3^(3^2 + 2*3 + 2) + 2*3^(3^2 + 2*3 + 1) + 2*3^(3^2 + 2*3) + 2*3^(3^2 + 1*3 + 2) + 2*3^(3^2 + 1*3 + 1) + 2*3^(3^2 + 1*3) + 2*3^(3^2 + 2) + 2*3^(3^2 + 1) + 2*3^(3^2) + 2*3^(2*3 + 2) + 2*3^(2*3 + 1) + 2*3^(2*3) + 2*3^(1*3 + 2) + 2*3^(1*3 + 1) + 2*3^(1*3) + 2*3^(2) + 2*3^(1) + 2,
leading to a(2) = 2*4^(2*4^2 + 2*4 + 2) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 2*4 + 1) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 2*4) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 1*4 + 2) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 1*4 + 1) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 1*4) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 2) + 2*4^(2*4^2 + 1) + 2*4^(2*4^2) + 2*4^(4^2 + 2*4 + 2) + 2*4^(4^2 + 2*4 + 1) + 2*4^(4^2 + 2*4) + 2*4^(4^2 + 1*4 + 2) + 2*4^(4^2 + 1*4 + 1) + 2*4^(4^2 + 1*4) + 2*4^(4^2 + 2) + 2*4^(4^2 + 1) + 2*4^(4^2) + 2*4^(2*4 + 2) + 2*4^(2*4 + 1) + 2*4^(2*4) + 2*4^(1*4 + 2) + 2*4^(1*4 + 1) + 2*4^(1*4) + 2*4^(2) + 2*4^(1) + 1 = 2*(4^32 + 4^16 + 1)*(4^8 + 4^4 + 1)*(4^2 + 4*1)-1 = 50973998591214355139406377.
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PROG
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(Haskell) -- See Link
(PARI) bump(a, n) = {if (a < n, return (a)); my(pd = Pol(digits(a, n))); my(de = vector(poldegree(pd)+1, k, k--; polcoeff(pd, k))); my(bde = vector(#de, k, k--; bump(k, n))); my(q = sum(k=0, poldegree(pd), if (c=polcoeff(pd, k), c*x^bde[k+1], 0))); return(subst(q, x, n+1)); }
lista(nn) = {print1(a = 16, ", "); for (n=2, nn, a = bump(a, n)-1; print1(a, ", "); ); } \\ Michel Marcus, Feb 28 2016
(PARI) (B(n, b)=sum(i=1, #n=digits(n, b), n[i]*(b+1)^if(#n<b+i, #n-i, B(#n-i, b)))); vector(7, n, a=if(n>1, B(a, n)-1, 16)) \\ M. F. Hasler, Feb 12 2017
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,hard,fini
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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