A007508 Number of twin prime pairs below 10^n. (Formerly M1855)

2, 8, 35, 205, 1224, 8169, 58980, 440312, 3424506, 27412679, 224376048, 1870585220, 15834664872, 135780321665, 1177209242304, 10304195697298, 90948839353159, 808675888577436

Offset

1,1

Comments

"At the present time (2001), Thomas Nicely has reached pi_2(3*10^15) and his value is confirmed by Pascal Sebah who made a new computation from scratch and up to pi_2(5*10^15) [ = 5357875276068] with an independent implementation."

Though the first paper contributed by D. A. Goldston was reported to be flawed, the more recent one (with other coauthors) maintains and substantiates the result. - Lekraj Beedassy, Aug 19 2005

Theorem. While g is even, g > 0, number of primes p < x (x is integer) such that p' = p + g is also prime, could be written as qpg(x) = qcc(x) - (x - pi(x) - pi(x + g) + 1) where qcc(x) is the number of "common composite numbers" c <= x such that c and c' = c + g both are composite (see Example below; I propose it here as a theorem only not to repeat for so-called "cousin"-primes (p; p+4), "sexy"-primes (p; p+6), etc.). - Sergey Pavlov, Apr 08 2021

References

P. Ribenboim, The Book of Prime Number Records. Springer-Verlag, NY, 2nd ed., 1989, p. 202.

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=1..18.

Richard P. Brent, Irregularities in the distribution of primes and twin primes, Math. Comp. 29 (1975), 43-56.

C. K. Caldwell, An amazing prime heuristic, Table 1.

C. K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, Twin prime conjecture

T. H. Chan, A note on Primes in Short Intervals, arXiv:math/0503441 [math.NT], 2005.

P. Erdős, Some Unsolved Problems, Michigan Math. J., Volume 4, Issue 3 (1957), 291-300.

G. H. Gadiyar & R. Padma, Renormalisation and the density of prime pairs, arXiv:hep-th/9806061, 1998.

G. H. Gadiyar & R. Padma, Ramanujan-Fourier series, the Wiener-Khintchine formula and the distribution of prime pairs, Physica A 269 (1999) 503-510.

D. A. Goldston, J. Pintz & C. Y. Yildirim, Primes in Tuples, I, arXiv:math/0508185 [math.NT], 2005.

D. A. Goldston, J. Pintz & C. Y. Yildirim, Small Gaps Between Primes, II

D. A. Goldston, J. Pintz & C. Y. Yildirim, The Path to Recent Progress on Small Gaps Between Primes, arXiv:math/0512436 [math.NT], 2005-2006.

D. A. Goldston & C. Y. Yildirim, Small Gaps Between Primes, I, arXiv:math/0504336 [math.NT], 2005.

D. A. Goldston & C. Yildirim, Small gaps between consecutive primes

D. A. Goldston et al., Small gaps between primes or almost primes, arXiv:math/0506067 [math.NT], 2005.

D. A. Goldston et al., Small Gaps between Primes Exist, arXiv:math/0505300 [math.NT], 2005.

Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah, Introduction to Twin Primes and Brun's Constant

A. Granville & K. Soundararajan, On the error in Goldston and Yildirim's "Small gaps between consecutive primes"

Gareth A. Jones and Alexander K. Zvonkin, Klein's ten planar dessins of degree 11, and beyond, arXiv:2104.12015 [math.GR], 2021. See p. 24.

P. F. Kelly & F. Pilling, Characterization of the Distribution of Twin Primes, arXiv:math/0103191 [math.NT], 2001.

P. F. Kelly & T. Pilling, Implications of a New Characterization of the Distribution of Twin Primes, arXiv:math/0104205 [math.NT], 2001.

P. F. Kelly & T. Pilling, Discrete Reanalysis of a New Model of the Distribution of Twin Primes, arXiv:math/0106223 [math.NT], 2001.

James Maynard, On the Twin Prime Conjecture, arXiv:1910.14674 [math.NT], 2019, p. 2.

Thomas R. Nicely, First occurrence prime gaps [For local copy see A000101]

Thomas R. Nicely, Enumeration to 10^14 of the twin primes and Brun's constant, Virginia Journal of Science, 46:3 (Fall, 1995), 195-204.

Thomas R. Nicely, Enumeration to 10^14 of the twin primes and Brun's constant [Local copy, pdf only]

Nova Science, Twin Prime Conjecture

Tomás Oliveira e Silva, Tables of values of pi(x) and of pi2(x) [From M. F. Hasler, Dec 18 2008]

J. Richstein, Computing the number of twin primes up to 10^14

J. Richstein, Computing the number of twin primes up to 10^14

J. Sondow, J. W. Nicholson, and T. D. Noe, Ramanujan Primes: Bounds, Runs, Twins, and Gaps, arXiv:1105.2249 [math.NT], 2011; J. Integer Seq. 14 (2011) Article 11.6.2.

Jonathan P. Sorenson, Jonathan Webster, Two Algorithms to Find Primes in Patterns, arXiv:1807.08777 [math.NT], 2018.

K. Soundararajan, The distribution of prime numbers, arXiv:math/0606408 [math.NT], 2006.

K. Soundararajan, Small gaps between prime numbers:The work of Goldston-Pintz-Yildirim, arXiv:math/0605696 [math.NT], 2006.

K. Soundararajan, Small gaps between prime numbers:The work of Goldston-Pintz-Yildirim, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (2007), 1-18.

Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Twin Primes

Eric Weisstein, Mathworld Headline News, Twin Primes Proof Proffered

M. Wolf, Some Remarks on the Distribution of twin Primes, arXiv:math/0105211 [math.NT], 2001.

C. Yildirim & D. Goldston, Small gaps between consecutive primes

Index entries for sequences related to numbers of primes in various ranges

Formula

Partial sums of A070076(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 11 2004

For 1 < n < 19, a(n) ~ e * pi(10^n) / (5*n - 5) = e * A006880(n) / (5*n - 5) where e is Napier's constant, see A001113 (probably, so is for any n > 18; we use n > 1 to avoid division by zero). - Sergey Pavlov, Apr 07 2021

For any n, a(n) = qcc(x) - (10^n - pi(10^n) - pi(10^n + 2) + 1) where qcc(x) is the number of "common composite numbers" c <= 10^n such that c and c' = c + 2 both are composite (trivial). - Sergey Pavlov, Apr 08 2021

Example

For x = 10, qcc(x) = 4 (since 2 is prime; 4, 6, 8, 10 are even, and no odd 0 < d < 25 such that both d and d' = d + 2 are composite), pi(10) = 4, pi(10 + 2) = 5, but, while v = 2+2 or v = 2-2 would be even, we must add 1; hence, a(1) = qcc(10^1) - (10^1 - pi(10^1) - pi(10^1 + 2) + 1) = 4 - (10 - 4 - 5 + 1) = 2 (trivial). - Sergey Pavlov, Apr 08 2021

Mathematica

ile = 2; Do[Do[If[(PrimeQ[2 n - 1]) && (PrimeQ[2 n + 1]), ile = ile + 1], {n, 5*10^m, 5*10^(m + 1)}]; Print[{m, ile}], {m, 0, 7}] (* Artur Jasinski, Oct 24 2011 *)

Prog

(PARI) a(n)=my(s, p=2); forprime(q=3, 10^n, if(q-p==2, s++); p=q); s \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 21 2013

Crossrefs

Cf. A001097.

Cf. A173081 and A181678 (number of twin Ramanujan prime pairs below 10^n).

Cf. A152051, A347278, A347279.

Sequence in context: A213227 A020009 A257555 * A122674 A203762 A185635

Adjacent sequences: A007505 A007506 A007507 * A007509 A007510 A007511

Keyword

nonn,nice,hard,more

Author

N. J. A. Sloane, Robert G. Wilson v

Extensions

pi2(10^15) due to Nicely and Szymanski, contributed by Eric W. Weisstein

pi2(10^16) due to Pascal Sebah, contributed by Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 22 2002

Added a(17)-a(18) computed by Tomás Oliveira e Silva and link to his web site. - M. F. Hasler, Dec 18 2008

Definition corrected by Max Alekseyev, Oct 25 2010

a(16) corrected by Dana Jacobsen, Mar 28 2014

Status

approved