A309041 Irregular table read by rows: Let P(n,x) be the (monic) minimal polynomial of 2i*cos(Pi/n), where i = sqrt(-1) is the imaginary unit, then a(n,k) = [x^(2k)] P(n,x), n >= 3.

1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 6, 5, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 9, 6, 1, 5, 5, 1, 1, 15, 35, 28, 9, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 21, 70, 84, 45, 11, 1, 7, 14, 7, 1, 1, 24, 26, 9, 1, 2, 16, 20, 8, 1, 1, 36, 210, 462, 495, 286, 91, 15, 1, 3, 9, 6, 1, 1, 45, 330, 924, 1287, 1001, 455, 120, 17, 1

Offset

3,3

Comments

For n >= 3, it is easy to see that [x^(2k+1)] P(n,x) = 0, so they are omitted.

Row n (n >= 3) has length A023022(n) + 1 = phi(n)/2 + 1.

Let {U(n,x)} be defined as: U(0,x) = 0, U(1,x) = 1, U(n,x) = x*U(n-1,x) + U(n-2,x) for n >= 2, then U(n,x) = Product_{k|n, k>=2} P(k,x) for n > 0, because U(n,x) = Product_{m=1..n-1} (x - 2i*cos(Pi*m/n)) for n > 0.

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=3..78.

Formula

P(n,x) = Product_{0<=m<=n, gcd(m, n)=1} (x - 2i*cos(Pi*m/n)).

Equivalently, P(n,x) = Product_{0<=m<=n/2, gcd(m, n)=1} (x^2 + 4*cos(Pi*m/n)) for n != 2. This shows that all terms are positive.

P(n,x) = Product_{k|n} U(n/k,x)^mu(k), mu = A008683.

Let MPR2(n,x) be the (monic) minimal polynomial of 2*cos(2*Pi/n) as defined in A232624, then: for even n > 2, P(n,x) = MPR2(2n,i*x)*(-1)^A023022(n); for odd n, P(n,x) = MPR2(n,i*x)*MPR2(2n,i*x)*(-1)^A023022(n), i = sqrt(-1).

For n > 2, P(n,x) = MPR2(n,-x^2-2)*(-1)^A023022(n).

For n > 1, P(n,1) = A061446(n), P(n,2) = A008555(n), P(n,3) = A253807(n), ...

For even n > 2, a(n,k) = (-1)^(A023022(n)-k)*A232624(2n,2k).

Example

P(1,x) = x^2 + 4;
P(2,x) = x;
P(3,x) = x^2 + 1;
P(4,x) = x^2 + 2;
P(5,x) = x^4 + 3x^2 + 1;
P(6,x) = x^2 + 3;
P(7,x) = x^6 + 5x^4 + 6x^2 + 1;
P(8,x) = x^4 + 4x^2 + 2;
P(9,x) = x^6 + 6x^4 + 9x^2 + 1;
P(10,x) = x^4 + 5x^2 + 5;
...

Mathematica

ro[n_] := (P = CoefficientList[p = MinimalPolynomial[2*I*Cos[Pi/n], x], x^2]; P); Flatten[Table[ro[n], {n, 3, 30}]]

Prog

(PARI) U(n) = sum(i=0, (n-1)/2, binomial(n, 2*i+1)*(poly/2)^(n-2*i-1)*((poly^2+4)/4)^i)
P(n) = if(n==1, poly^2+4, my(v=divisors(n)); prod(i=1, #v, U(n/v[i])^moebius(v[i])))
a(n, k) = polcoeff(P(n), 2*k)

Crossrefs

Cf. A232624.

Cf. P(n,k): A061446 (k=1), A008555 (k=2), A253807 (k=3);

Cf. also A023022, A008683.

Sequence in context: A050117 A241187 A212822 * A249143 A121560 A326409

Adjacent sequences: A309038 A309039 A309040 * A309042 A309043 A309044

Keyword

nonn,tabf

Author

Jianing Song, Jul 08 2019

Status

approved