A307468 Cogrowth sequence for the Heisenberg group.

1, 4, 28, 232, 2156, 21944, 240280, 2787320, 33820044, 424925872, 5486681368, 72398776344, 972270849512, 13247921422480, 182729003683352, 2546778437385032, 35816909974343308, 507700854900783784, 7246857513425470288, 104083322583897779656

Offset

0,2

Comments

This is the number of words of length 2n in the letters x,x^{-1},y,y^{-1} that equal the identity of the Heisenberg group H=<x,y | xz=zx, yz=zy, where z=xyx^{-1}y^{-1}>.

Also, this is the number of closed walks of length 2n on the square lattice enclosing algebraic area 0 [Béguin et al.]. - Andrey Zabolotskiy, Sep 15 2021

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=0..19.

Cédric Béguin, Alain Valette and Andrzej Zuk, On the spectrum of a random walk on the discrete Heisenberg group and the norm of Harper's operator, Journal of Geometry and Physics, 21 (1997), 337-356.

D. Lind and K, Schmidt, A survey of algebraic actions of the discrete Heisenberg group, arXiv:1502.06243 [math.DS], 2015; Russian Mathematical Surveys, 70:4 (2015), 77-142.

J. Pantone, First 71 terms of the sequence.

Formula

Asymptotics: a(n) ~ (1/2) * 16^n * n^(-2).

Example

For n=1 the a(1)=4 words are x^{-1}x, xx^{-1}, y^{-1}y, yy^{-1}.

Crossrefs

Related cogrowth sequences: Z A000984, Z^2 A002894, Z^3 A002896, (Z/kZ)^*2 for k = 2..5: A126869, A047098, A107026, A304979, Richard Thompson's group F A246877. The cogrowth sequences for BS(N,N) for N = 2..10 are A229644, A229645, A229646, A229647, A229648, A229649, A229650, A229651, A229652.

Cf. A352838, A178106.

Sequence in context: A229646 A229645 A359798 * A202824 A046904 A030444

Adjacent sequences: A307465 A307466 A307467 * A307469 A307470 A307471

Keyword

nonn,walk

Author

Igor Pak, Apr 09 2019

Status

approved