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A300510
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Number of ways to write n^2 as 4^k*(m^2+1) + x^2 + y^2, where m is 1 or 2, and k,x,y are nonnegative integers with x <= y.
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13
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0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 8, 6, 6, 4, 5, 7, 7, 1, 5, 4, 11, 4, 7, 5, 6, 4, 6, 8, 5, 6, 12, 5, 5, 3, 6, 9, 8, 6, 7, 6, 10, 4, 7, 7, 6, 7, 5, 9, 9, 1, 8, 5, 10, 4, 9, 11, 9, 4, 11, 7, 12, 5, 8, 7, 7, 4
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OFFSET
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1,3
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COMMENTS
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Conjecture: a(n) > 0 for all n > 1; in other words, for any integer n > 1 there is a nonnegative integer k such that either n^2 - 2*4^k or n^2 - 5*4^k can be written as the sum of two squares. Moreover, a(n) = 1 only for n = 2^k with k > 0.
This conjecture is stronger than the first conjecture in A300448. We have verified that a(n) > 0 for all n = 2..5*10^7.
Consider positive integers c not divisible by 4 such that for any integer n > 1 there is a nonnegative integer k for which n^2 - 2*4^k or n^2 - c*4^k can be written as the sum of two squares. Our computation for n up to 3*10^7 shows that the only candidates for values of c smaller than 160 are 5, 17, 18, 26, 29, 41, 45, 65, 74, 89, 98, 101, 113, 122, 125, 146, 149, 153. These numbers have the form 9^a*(3*b+2) with a and b nonnegative integers and the p-adic order of 3*b+2 is even for any prime p == 3 (mod 4). For n = 42211965 there is no nonnegative integer k such that n^2 - 2*4^k or n^2 - 162*4^k can be written as the sum of two squares.
Qing-Hu Hou at Tianjin Univ. reported that he had verified a(n) > 0 for n up to 10^9. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 14 2018
Qing-Hu Hou found that 29, 65, 113 should be excluded from the candidates. In fact, for c = 29, 65, 113 there is no nonnegative integer k such that N(c)^2 - 2*4^k or N(c)^2 - c*4^k can be written as the sum of two squares, where N(29) = 51883659, N(65) = 56173837 and N(113) = 65525725. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 23 2018
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LINKS
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EXAMPLE
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a(1) = 0 since 1^2 - 4^k*(m^2+1) < 0 for k = 0,1,2,... and m = 1, 2.
a(2) = 1 since 2^2 = 4^0*(1^2+1) + 1^2 + 1^2.
a(3) = 2 since 3^2 = 4^0*(2^2+1) + 0^2 + 2^2 = 4^1*(1^2+1) + 0^2 + 1^2.
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MATHEMATICA
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f[n_]:=f[n]=FactorInteger[n];
g[n_]:=g[n]=Sum[Boole[Mod[Part[Part[f[n], i], 1]-3, 4]==0&&Mod[Part[Part[f[n], i], 2], 2]==1], {i, 1, Length[f[n]]}]==0;
QQ[n_]:=QQ[n]=n==0||(n>0&&g[n]);
SQ[n_]:=SQ[n]=IntegerQ[Sqrt[n]];
tab={}; Do[r=0; Do[If[QQ[n^2-4^k*(m^2+1)], Do[If[SQ[n^2-4^k(m^2+1)-x^2], r=r+1], {x, 0, Sqrt[(n^2-4^k(m^2+1))/2]}]], {m, 1, 2}, {k, 0, Log[4, n^2/(m^2+1)]}]; tab=Append[tab, r], {n, 1, 80}]; Print[tab]
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A000118, A000302, A001481, A271518, A281976, A299924, A299537, A299794, A300362, A300396, A300448, A301452, A301471.
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KEYWORD
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nonn
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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