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A268163
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Number of labeled binary-ternary rooted non-planar trees, indexed by number of leaves.
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2
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0, 1, 1, 4, 25, 220, 2485, 34300, 559405, 10525900, 224449225, 5348843500, 140880765025, 4063875715900, 127418482316125, 4314607214417500, 156920190449147125, 6100643259005795500, 252476539015516440625, 11081983532721088487500, 514215436341672155715625
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OFFSET
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0,4
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COMMENTS
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This can also be interpreted as the number of multilinear monomials of degree n in a nonassociative algebra with an (anti)commutative binary operation and a completely (skew-)symmetric ternary operation; the number of variables in the monomial corresponds to the number of leaves in the tree.
This sequence also enumerates a certain class of Feynman diagrams; see the references, links, and crossrefs below.
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REFERENCES
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J. Bedford, On Perturbative Field Theory and Twistor String Theory, Ph.D. Thesis, 2007, Queen Mary, University of London.
B. Feng and M. Luo, An introduction to on-shell recursion relations, Review Article, Frontiers of Physics, October 2012, Volume 7, Issue 5, pp. 533-575.
K. Kampf, A new look at the nonlinear sigma model, 17th International Conference in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD 14), Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings, Volumes 258-259, January-February 2015, pp. 86-89.
M. L. Mangano and S. J. Parke, Multi-parton amplitudes in gauge theories, Physics Reports, Volume 200, Issue 6, February 1991, pp. 301-367.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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a(n) = ((24*n-36)*a(n-1)+(3*n-5)*(3*n-7)*a(n-2))/11 for n>2. - Alois P. Heinz, Jan 28 2016
Because of Koszul duality for operads, the exponential generating function is the compositional inverse of the power series x-x^2/2-x^3/6 (email of Vladimir Dotsenko to Murray R. Bremner, Jan 28 2016).
a(n) ~ sqrt(9-4*sqrt(3)) * ((12+9*sqrt(3))/11)^n * n^(n-1) / (3 * exp(n)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 24 2016
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EXAMPLE
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For n = 4 and using the monomial interpretation, the 25 multilinear monomials of degree 4 are as follows, where [-,-] is the binary operation and (-,-,-) is the ternary operation:
[[[a,b],c],d], [[[a,b],d],c], [[[a,c],b],d], [[[a,c],d],b], [[[a,d],b],c], [[[a,d],c],b], [[[b,c],a],d], [[[b,c],d],a], [[[b,d],a],c], [[[b,d],c],a], [[[c,d],a],b], [[[c,d],b],a], [[a,b],[c,d]], [[a,c],[b,d]], [[a,d],[b,c]], [(a,b,c),d], [(a,b,d),c], [(a,c,d),b], [(b,c,d),a], ([a,b],c,d), ([a,c],b,d), ([a,d],b,c), ([b,c],a,d), ([b,d],a,c), ([c,d],a,b).
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MAPLE
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with(combinat):
b:= proc(n, i, v) option remember; `if`(n=0,
`if`(v=0, 1, 0), `if`(i<1 or v<1 or n<v, 0,
add(multinomial(n, n-i*j, i$j)/j!*a(i)^j*
b(n-i*j, i-1, v-j), j=0..min(n/i, v))))
end:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, n,
add(b(n, n+1-j, j), j=2..3))
end:
# second Maple program:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<3, [0, 1$2][n+1],
((24*n-36)*a(n-1)+(3*n-5)*(3*n-7)*a(n-2))/11)
end:
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MATHEMATICA
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A001147. The number of labeled binary rooted non-planar trees.
Cf. A025035. The number of labeled ternary rooted non-planar trees.
Cf. A268172. The corresponding number of unlabelled trees.
Cf. A005411. Number of non-vanishing Feynman diagrams of order 2n for the electron or the photon propagators in quantum electrodynamics.
Cf. A005412. Number of non-vanishing Feynman diagrams of order 2n for the vacuum polarization (the proper two-point function of the photon) and for the self-energy (the proper two-point function of the electron) in quantum electrodynamics (QED).
Cf. A005413. Number of non-vanishing Feynman diagrams of order 2n+1 for the electron-electron-photon proper vertex function in quantum electrodynamics (QED).
Cf. A005414. Feynman diagrams of order 2n with vertex skeletons.
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KEYWORD
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nonn
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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