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A003285
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Period of continued fraction for square root of n (or 0 if n is a square).
(Formerly M0018)
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100
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0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 6, 2, 6, 6, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 2, 8, 4, 4, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 10, 8, 6, 12, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 6, 5, 6, 4, 2, 6, 7, 6, 4, 11, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 10, 2, 8, 6, 8, 2, 7, 5, 4, 12, 6, 4, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 10, 2, 6, 5, 2, 8, 8, 10, 16, 4, 4, 11, 4, 2, 0, 1, 2, 12
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OFFSET
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1,3
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COMMENTS
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Any string of five consecutive terms m^2 - 2 through m^2 + 2 for m > 2 in the sequence has the corresponding periods 4,2,0,1,2. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 17 2001
For m > 1, a(m^2+m) = 2 and the continued fraction is m, 2, 2*m, 2, 2*m, 2, 2*m, ... - Arran Fernandez, Aug 14 2011
Apparently the generating function of the sequence for the denominators of continued fraction convergents to sqrt(n) is always rational and of form p(x)/[1 - C*x^m + (-1)^m * x^(2m)], or equivalently, the denominators satisfy the linear recurrence b(n+2m) = C*b(n+m) - (-1)^m * b(n), where a(n) is equal to m for each nonsquare n, or 0. See A006702 for the conjecture regarding C. The same conjectures apply to the sequences of the numerators of continued fraction convergents to sqrt(n). - Ralf Stephan, Dec 12 2013
If a(n)=1, n is of form k^2+1 (A069987). See A013642 for a(n)=2, A013643 for a(n)=3, A013644 for a(n)=4, A010337 for a(n)=5, A020347 for a(n)=6, A010338 for a(n)=7, A020348 for a(n)=8, A010339 for a(n)=9, and furthermore A020349-A020439. - Ralf Stephan, Dec 12 2013
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REFERENCES
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A. Brousseau, Number Theory Tables. Fibonacci Association, San Jose, CA, 1973, p. 197.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
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LINKS
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MAPLE
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f:= n -> if issqr(n) then 0
else nops(numtheory:-cfrac(sqrt(n), 'periodic', 'quotients')[2]) fi:
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MATHEMATICA
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a[n_] := ContinuedFraction[Sqrt[n]] // If[Length[ # ] == 1, 0, Length[Last[ # ]]]&
pcf[n_]:=Module[{s=Sqrt[n]}, If[IntegerQ[s], 0, Length[ContinuedFraction[s][[2]]]]]; Array[pcf, 110] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 15 2017 *)
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PROG
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(PARI) a(n)=if(issquare(n), return(0)); my(s=sqrt(n), x=s, f=floor(s), P=[0], Q=[1], k); while(1, k=#P; P=concat(P, f*Q[k]-P[k]); Q=concat(Q, (n-P[k+1]^2)/Q[k]); k++; for(i=1, k-1, if(P[i]==P[k]&&Q[i]==Q[k], return(k-i))); x=(P[k]+s)/Q[k]; f=floor(x)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 31 2011
(PARI) isok(n, p) = {localprec(p); my(cf = contfrac(sqrt(n))); setsearch(Set(cf), 2*cf[1]); }
a(n) = {if (issquare(n), 0, my(p=100); while (! isok(n, p), p+=100); localprec(p); my(cf = contfrac(sqrt(n))); for (k=2, #cf, if (cf[k] == 2*cf[1], return (k-1))); ); } \\ Michel Marcus, Jul 07 2021
(Python)
from sympy.ntheory.continued_fraction import continued_fraction_periodic
def a(n):
cfp = continued_fraction_periodic(0, 1, d=n)
return 0 if len(cfp) == 1 else len(cfp[1])
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,nice
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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