OFFSET
0,8
COMMENTS
Compare to the addition theorem of Jacobi's elliptic functions: cn(x+y) + i*sn(x+y) = (cn(x) + i*sn(x)*dn(y)) * (cn(y) + i*sn(y)*dn(x)) / (1 - k^2*sn(x)^2*sn(y)^2), where the modulus k is implicit.
See A322620 for another description of the e.g.f. of this sequence.
LINKS
FORMULA
E.g.f.: A(x,y) = (cosh(x) + sinh(x)*cosh(y)) * (cosh(y) + sinh(y)*cosh(x)) / (1 - sinh(x)^2*sinh(y)^2).
E.g.f.: A(x,y) = (cosh(x) + sinh(x)*cosh(y)) / (cosh(y) - sinh(y)*cosh(x)).
E.g.f.: A(x,y) = (cosh(y) + sinh(y)*cosh(x)) / (cosh(x) - sinh(x)*cosh(y)).
E.g.f.: A(x,y) = C(x,y) + S(x,y) such that the following identities hold.
(1) C(x,y)^2 - S(x,y)^2 = 1.
(2a) C(x,y) = cosh(x) * cosh(y) / (1 - sinh(x)*sinh(y)).
(2b) S(x,y) = (sinh(x) + sinh(y)) / (1 - sinh(x)*sinh(y)).
(3a) cosh(x) = C(x,y) * cosh(y) / (1 + sinh(y)*S(x,y)).
(3b) sinh(x) = (S(x,y) - sinh(y)) / (1 + sinh(y)*S(x,y)).
(3c) cosh(y) = C(x,y) * cosh(x) / (1 + sinh(x)*S(x,y)).
(3d) sinh(y) = (S(x,y) - sinh(x)) / (1 + sinh(x)*S(x,y)).
(4a) exp(x) = (C(x,y)*cosh(y) + S(x,y) - sinh(y)) / (1 + sinh(y)*S(x,y)).
(4b) exp(y) = (C(x,y)*cosh(x) + S(x,y) - sinh(x)) / (1 + sinh(x)*S(x,y)).
(5a) exp(x) = (C(x,y) + S(x,y)*cosh(y)) * (cosh(y) - sinh(y)*C(x,y)) / (1 - sinh(y)^2*S(x,y)^2).
(5b) exp(y) = (C(x,y) + S(x,y)*cosh(x)) * (cosh(x) - sinh(x)*C(x,y)) / (1 - sinh(x)^2*S(x,y)^2).
(6a) exp(x) = (C(x,y) + S(x,y)*cosh(y)) / (cosh(y) + sinh(y)*C(x,y)).
(6b) exp(y) = (C(x,y) + S(x,y)*cosh(x)) / (cosh(x) + sinh(x)*C(x,y)).
SPECIAL ARGUMENTS.
A(x, y=0) = exp(x).
A(x, y=x) = (1 + sinh(x)) / (1 - sinh(x)).
A(x, y=-x) = 1.
FORMULAS FOR TERMS.
a(n) = A322620(n,k) / binomial(n,k).
Sum_{k=0..n} 2^k * binomial(n,k) * T(n,k) = A245140(n).
Sum_{k=0..n} 3^k * binomial(n,k) * T(n,k) = A245155(n).
Sum_{k=0..n} 2^(n-k) * 3^k * binomial(n,k) * T(n,k) = A245166(n).
EXAMPLE
E.g.f.: A(x,y) = 1 + (1*x + 1*y) + (1*x^2/2! + 1*x*y + 1*y^2/2!) + (1*x^3/3! + 2*x^2*y/2! + 2*x*y^2/2! + 1*y^3/3!) + (1*x^4/4! + 4*x^3*y/3! + 5*x^2*y^2/(2!*2!) + 4*x*y^3/3! + 1*y^4/4!) + (1*x^5/5! + 8*x^4*y/4! + 14*x^3*y^2/(3!*2!) + 14*x^2*y^3/(2!*3!) + 8*x*y^4/4! + 1*y^5/5!) + (1*x^6/6! + 16*x^5*y/5! + 41*x^4*y^2/(4!*2!) + 52*x^3*y^3/(3!*3!) + 41*x^2*y^4/(2!*4!) + 16*x*y^5/5! + 1*y^6/6!) + (1*x^7/7! + 32*x^6*y/6! + 122*x^5*y^2/(5!*2!) + 200*x^4*y^3/(4!*3!) + 200*x^3*y^4/(3!*4!) + 122*x^2*y^5/(2!*5!) + 32*x*y^6/6! + 1*y^7/7!) + (1*x^8/8! + 64*x^7*y/7! + 365*x^6*y^2/(6!*2!) + 784*x^5*y^3/(5!*3!) + 977*x^4*y^4/(4!*4!) + 784*x^3*y^5/(3!*5!) + 365*x^2*y^6/(2!*6!) + 64*x*y^7/7! + 1*y^8/8!) + ...
where A(x,y) = (cosh(x)*cosh(y) + sinh(x) + sinh(y)) / (1 - sinh(x)*sinh(y)).
This square table of coefficients of x^n*y^k/(n!*k!) in A(x,y) begins
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...;
1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ...;
1, 2, 5, 14, 41, 122, 365, 1094, 3281, 9842, ...;
1, 4, 14, 52, 200, 784, 3104, 12352, 49280, 196864, ...;
1, 8, 41, 200, 977, 4808, 23801, 118280, 589217, 2939528, ...;
1, 16, 122, 784, 4808, 29056, 174752, 1049344, 6297728, 37789696, ...;
1, 32, 365, 3104, 23801, 174752, 1257125, 8948384, 63318641, 446442272, ...;
1, 64, 1094, 12352, 118280, 1049344, 8948384, 74628352, 614111360, 5010663424, ...;
1, 128, 3281, 49280, 589217, 6297728, 63318641, 614111360, 5823720257, 54420050048, ...; ...
This sequence may be written as a triangle, starting as
1;
1, 1;
1, 1, 1;
1, 2, 2, 1;
1, 4, 5, 4, 1;
1, 8, 14, 14, 8, 1;
1, 16, 41, 52, 41, 16, 1;
1, 32, 122, 200, 200, 122, 32, 1;
1, 64, 365, 784, 977, 784, 365, 64, 1;
1, 128, 1094, 3104, 4808, 4808, 3104, 1094, 128, 1;
1, 256, 3281, 12352, 23801, 29056, 23801, 12352, 3281, 256, 1;
1, 512, 9842, 49280, 118280, 174752, 174752, 118280, 49280, 9842, 512, 1; ...
RELATED SERIES.
The series expansions for C(x,y) and S(x,y) are given by
C(x,y) = 1 + (1*x^2/2! + 1*x*y + 1*y^2/2!) + (1*x^4/4! + 4*x^3*y/3! + 5*x^2*y^2/(2!*2!) + 4*x*y^3/3! + 1*y^4/4!) + (1*x^6/6! + 16*x^5*y/5! + 41*x^4*y^2/(4!*2!) + 52*x^3*y^3/(3!*3!) + 41*x^2*y^4/(2!*4!) + 16*x*y^5/5! + 1*y^6/6!) + (1*x^8/8! + 64*x^7*y/7! + 365*x^6*y^2/(6!*2!) + 784*x^5*y^3/(5!*3!) + 977*x^4*y^4/(4!*4!) + 784*x^3*y^5/(3!*5!) + 365*x^2*y^6/(2!*6!) + 64*x*y^7/7! + 1*y^8/8!) + ...
S(x,y) = (1*x + 1*y) + (1*x^3/3! + 2*x^2*y/2! + 2*x*y^2/2! + 1*y^3/3!) + (1*x^5/5! + 8*x^4*y/4! + 14*x^3*y^2/(3!*2!) + 14*x^2*y^3/(2!*3!) + 8*x*y^4/4! + 1*y^5/5!) + (1*x^7/7! + 32*x^6*y/6! + 122*x^5*y^2/(5!*2!) + 200*x^4*y^3/(4!*3!) + 200*x^3*y^4/(3!*4!) + 122*x^2*y^5/(2!*5!) + 32*x*y^6/6! + 1*y^7/7!) + ...
where A(x,y) = C(x,y) + S(x,y) such that C(x,y)^2 - S(x,y)^2 = 1.
The e.g.f. may be written with coefficients of x^n*y^k/(n+k)!, as follows:
A(x,y) = 1 + (1*x + 1*y) + (1*x^2 + 2*x*y + 1*y^2)/2! + (1*x^3 + 6*x^2*y + 6*x*y^2 + 1*y^3)/3! + (1*x^4 + 16*x^3*y + 30*x^2*y^2 + 16*x*y^3 + 1*y^4)/4! + (1*x^5 + 40*x^4*y + 140*x^3*y^2 + 140*x^2*y^3 + 40*x*y^4 + 1*y^5)/5! + (1*x^6 + 96*x^5*y + 615*x^4*y^2 + 1040*x^3*y^3 + 615*x^2*y^4 + 96*x*y^5 + 1*y^6)/6! + (1*x^7 + 224*x^6*y + 2562*x^5*y^2 + 7000*x^4*y^3 + 7000*x^3*y^4 + 2562*x^2*y^5 + 224*x*y^6 + 1*y^7)/7! + (1*x^8 + 512*x^7*y + 10220*x^6*y^2 + 43904*x^5*y^3 + 68390*x^4*y^4 + 43904*x^3*y^5 + 10220*x^2*y^6 + 512*x*y^7 + 1*y^8)/8! + ...
these coefficients are described by table A322620.
MATHEMATICA
nmax = 13;
t[n_, k_] := SeriesCoefficient[(Cosh[x] Cosh[y] + Sinh[x] + Sinh[y])/(1 - Sinh[x] Sinh[y]), {x, 0, n}, {y, 0, k}] n! k!;
Table[t[n-k, k], {n, 0, nmax}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 26 2018 *)
PROG
(PARI) {T(n, k) = my(X=x+x*O(x^n), Y=y+y*O(y^k));
C = cosh(X)*cosh(Y)/(1 - sinh(X)*sinh(Y));
S = (sinh(X) + sinh(Y))/(1 - sinh(X)*sinh(Y));
n!*k!*polcoeff(polcoeff(C + S, n, x), k, y)}
/* Print as a square table */
for(n=0, 10, for(k=0, 10, print1( T(n, k), ", ")); print(""))
/* Print as a triangle */
for(n=0, 15, for(k=0, n, print1( T(n-k, k), ", ")); print(""))
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabl
AUTHOR
Paul D. Hanna, Dec 19 2018
STATUS
approved