OFFSET
1,5
COMMENTS
As shown on p. 74 [Diaconis & Graham], n-th row polynomials are cyclic with period n, given real roots, if the polynomials are divided through by n. For example, taking x^3 + 2x^2 + x + 1 = 0, the real root = -1.75487766... = c. Then using x^2 + c, we obtain the period three trajectory: -1.75487... -> 1.32471...-> 0.
The shuffling connection [p.75], resulting in a permutation that is the Gilbreath shuffle: "To make the connection with shuffling cards, write down a periodic sequence starting at zero. Write a one above the smallest point, a two above the next smallest point and so on. For example, if c = -1.75486...(a period three point), we have:
2.............1.............3......
0........-1.75487........1.32471... For a fixed value of c, the numbers written on top code up a permutation that is a Gilbreath shuffle".
Row sums = A003095: (1, 2, 5, 26, 677,...) relating to the number of binary trees of height less than n.
Let f(z) = z^2 + c, then row k lists the expansion of the n-fold composition f(f(...f(0)...) in falling powers of c (with the coefficients for c^0 omitted). The n initial terms of the reversed n-th row are the Catalan numbers (cf. A137560). - Joerg Arndt, Jun 04 2016
REFERENCES
Persi Diaconis & R. L. Graham, "Magical Mathematics: The Mathematical Ideas That Animate Great Magic Tricks", Princeton University Press, 2012; pp. 73-83.
LINKS
Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 1..13, flattened
Juan Carlos Nuño and Francisco J. Muñoz, Entropy-Variance curves of binary sequences generated by random substitutions of constant length, arXiv:2112.15563 [math.PR], 2021.
FORMULA
Coefficients of x by rows such that given n-th row p(x), the next row is (p(x))^2 + x); starting x -> (x^2 + x) -> (x^4 + 2x^3 + x^2 + x)...
T(n,k) = A309049(2^(n-1)-1,k-1). - Alois P. Heinz, Jul 11 2019
EXAMPLE
Row 4 = (1, 4, 6, 6, 5, 2, 1, 1) since (x^4 + 2x^3 + x^2 + x)^2 + x = x^8 + 4x^7 + 6x^6 + 6x^5 + 5x^4 + 2x^3 + x^2 + x.
Triangle begins:
1;
1, 1;
1, 2, 1, 1;
1, 4, 6, 6, 5, 2, 1, 1;
1, 8, 28, 60, 94, 116, 114, 94, 69, 44, 26, 14, 5, 2, 1, 1;
...
MAPLE
b:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, (g-> (f-> expand(
x^n+b(f)*b(n-1-f)))(min(g-1, n-g/2)))(2^ilog2(n)))
end:
T:= n-> (p-> seq(coeff(p, x, i), i=0..degree(p)))(b(2^(n-1)-1)):
seq(T(n), n=1..7); # Alois P. Heinz, Jul 11 2019
MATHEMATICA
b[n_] := b[n] = If[n == 0, 1, Function[g, Function[f, Expand[x^n + b[f]*
b[n-1-f]]][Min[g-1, n-g/2]]][2^(Length[IntegerDigits[n, 2]]-1)]];
T[n_] := CoefficientList[b[2^(n-1)-1], x];
Array[T, 7] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 19 2021, after Alois P. Heinz *)
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabf
AUTHOR
Gary W. Adamson, Dec 08 2011
STATUS
approved