A135338 Triangle read by rows: row n gives coefficients C(n,j) for a Sheffer sequence (binomial-type) with raising operator -x { 1 + W[ -exp(-2) * (2+D) ] } where W is the Lambert W multi-valued function.

1, -1, 1, 1, -3, 1, -2, 7, -6, 1, 6, -20, 25, -10, 1, -24, 76, -105, 65, -15, 1, 120, -364, 511, -385, 140, -21, 1, -720, 2108, -2940, 2401, -1120, 266, -28, 1, 5040, -14328, 19720, -16632, 8841, -2772, 462, -36, 1, -40320, 111816, -151620, 129340, -73605, 27237, -6090, 750, -45, 1

Offset

1,5

Comments

The lowering (or delta) operator for these polynomials is L = -1 + exp{ 2 + W[ -exp(-2) * (2+D) ] } = Sum_{j >= 1} A074059(j) * D^j / j!.

The raising operator is R = -x { 1 + W[ -exp(-2) * (2+D) ] } = x { 1 + Sum_{j >= 1} (-1)^j * PW(j-1,-2) * D^j / j! }, where PW(j-1,x) are the polynomials of A042977.

W(x) here is W_-1 in the Monir reference and, about x = 0, W[ -exp(-2) * (2+x) ] = -[ 2 + Sum_{j >= 1} (-1)^j * PW(j-1,-2) * x^j / j! ].

From the relation between the delta and raising operators for associated binomial-type polynomials, A074059 = (1,1,2,7,34,...) and S = (1,-PW(0,-2),PW(1,-2),-PW(2,-2),...) = (1, -1, 0, -1, -2, -13, -74, -593, -5298, ...) form a list partition transform pair (see A133314); i.e., S and A074059 have reciprocal e.g.f.s and satisfy mutual recursion relations. Applying Faa di Bruno's formula to L gives other interesting integer relations between S and A074059.

The Bell transform of (-1)^n*factorial(n-1) if n>0, else 1. For the definition of the Bell transform see A264428. - Peter Luschny, Jan 18 2016

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=1..55.

Peter Bala, Diagonals of triangles with generating function exp(t*F(x)).

F. Chapeau-Blondeau and A. Monir, Numerical Evaluation of the Lambert W Function and Application to Generation of Generalized Gaussian Noise With Exponent 1/2, IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, Vol. 50, No. 9, Sept. 2002, p. 2160-2164.

Formula

The row polynomials P(n,t) = Sum_{j=1..n} C(n,j) * t^j satisfy exp[P(.,t) * x] = exp{ -t * [(1+x) * log(1+x) - 2*x] }, with P(0,t) = 1 and [ P(.,x) + P(.,y) ]^n = P(n,x+y). Here, as in the e.g.f., the umbral maneuver P(.,t)^n = P(n,t) is assumed. See Mathworld and Wikipedia on Sheffer sequences and umbral calculus for other general formulas, including expansion theorems.

From Peter Bala, Dec 09 2011: (Start)

E.g.f.: exp(t*(2*x-(1+x)*log(1+x))) = 1 + t*x + (t^2-t)*x^2/2! + (t^3-3*t^2+t)*x^3/3! + ... (Restatement of Copeland's e.g.f. above in umbral notation with P(.,t)^n = P(n,t).).

If a triangular array has an e.g.f. of the form exp(t*F(x)) with F(0) = 0, then the o.g.f.'s for the diagonals of the triangle are rational functions in t (see the Bala link). The rational functions are the coefficients in the compositional inverse (with respect to x) (x-t*F(x))^(-1). In this case (x-t*(2*x-(1+x)*log(1+x)))^(-1) = x/(1-t) - t/(1-t)^3*x^2/2! + (t+2*t^2)/(1-t)^5*x^3/3! - (2*t+6*t^2+7*t^3)/(1-t)^7*x^4/4! + ... . So, for example, the (unsigned) third subdiagonal has o.g.f. (2*t+6*t^2+7*t^3)/(1-t)^7 = 2*t + 20*t^2 + 105*t^3 + 385*t^4 + ... .

(End)

Example

Triangle read by rows:
     1;
    -1,    1;
     1,   -3,     1;
    -2,    7,    -6,    1;
     6,  -20,    25,  -10,     1;
   -24,   76,  -105,   65,   -15,   1;
   120, -364,   511, -385,   140, -21,   1;
  -720, 2108, -2940, 2401, -1120, 266, -28, 1;
...
From R. J. Mathar, Mar 22 2013: (Start)
The matrix inverse starts:
     1;
     1,    1;
     2,    3,    1;
     7,   11,    6,   1;
    34,   55,   35,  10,   1;
   213,  349,  240,  85,  15,  1;
  1630, 2695, 1939, 770, 175, 21, 1;
  ... (End)

Maple

# The function BellMatrix is defined in A264428.
# Adds (1, 0, 0, 0, ..) as column 0.
BellMatrix(n -> `if`(n=0, 1, (-1)^n*(n-1)!), 9); # Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2016

Mathematica

max = 10; s = Series[Exp[t*(2*x-(1+x)*Log[1+x])], {x, 0, max}, {t, 0, max}] // Normal; c[n_, j_] := SeriesCoefficient[s, {x, 0, n}, {t, 0, j}]*n!; Table[c[n, j], {n, 1, max}, {j, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 23 2014, after Peter Bala, duplicate of Copeland's e.g.f. *)
BellMatrix[f_Function, len_] := With[{t = Array[f, len, 0]}, Table[BellY[n, k, t], {n, 0, len - 1}, {k, 0, len - 1}]];
rows = 12;
M = BellMatrix[Function[n, If[n == 0, 1, (-1)^n (n-1)!]], rows];
Table[M[[n, k]], {n, 2, rows}, {k, 2, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 26 2018, after Peter Luschny *)

Prog

(Sage) # uses[bell_matrix from A264428]
# Adds a column 1, 0, 0, 0, ... at the left side of the triangle.
bell_matrix(lambda n: (-1)^n*factorial(n-1) if n>0 else 1, 10) # Peter Luschny, Jan 18 2016

Crossrefs

Cf. A134685, A135494.

Sequence in context: A074305 A151855 A186366 * A084602 A297858 A298093

Adjacent sequences: A135335 A135336 A135337 * A135339 A135340 A135341

Keyword

sign,tabl

Author

Tom Copeland, Feb 15 2008

Extensions

More terms from Jean-François Alcover, Apr 23 2014

Status

approved