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A002233
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a(1) = 1; for n > 1, a(n) = least positive prime primitive root of n-th prime.
(Formerly M0243 N0084)
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11
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1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 2, 7, 3, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 7, 5, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2, 5, 2, 11, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 7, 5, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 19, 5, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 7, 3, 7, 7, 11, 3, 5, 2, 43, 5, 3, 3, 2, 5, 17, 17, 2, 3, 19, 2, 2, 3, 7, 11, 2, 2, 5, 2, 5, 3, 29, 2, 2, 7, 5, 17, 2, 3, 13, 2, 3, 2, 13, 3, 2, 7, 5, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2
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OFFSET
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1,2
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COMMENTS
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According to Section F9 in Guy's book "Unsolved Problems in Number Theory" (Springer, 2004), P. Erdős asked whether for any large prime p there is a prime q < p so that q is a primitive root modulo p. See also the comments on A223942 related to this sequence. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 29 2013
For n >= 2 the Dirichlet characters modulo prime(n), {Chi_{prime n}{(r,m)}, for n >= 1, r=1..(prime(n)-1) and m = 2..prime(n)-1, are determined from those for m = a(n), i.e., Chi_{prime n}(r,a(n)) = exp(2*Pi*I*(r-1)/(prime(n)-1)) and the power sequence S(n) := {a(n)^k (mod prime(n)), k = 1..(prime(n)-2)} by the strong multiplicity of Chi as Chi_{prime n}(r,m) = (Chi_{prime n}(r,a(n)))^{pos(m,S(n))} where S(n)_{pos(m,S(n))} = m. For m=1 Chi is always 1. For m = prime(n) Chi is always 0. For n=1 (prime 2) the characters are 1, 0 for r = 1 and m = 1, 2, respectively. See the example for a(4) below. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 19 2017
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REFERENCES
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T. M. Apostol, An Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1976, 1986, p. 139.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
A. E. Western and J. C. P. Miller, Tables of Indices and Primitive Roots. Royal Society Mathematical Tables, Vol. 9, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968, p. 2.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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EXAMPLE
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n=4, a(4) = 3: Dirichlet characters for prime(4) = 7 from Chi_7(r,3) = exp(Pi*I*(r-1)/3) and the power sequence S(4) = [3, 2, 6, 4, 5]. Hence Chi_7(r,2) = Chi_7(r,3)^2 = exp(2*Pi*I*(r-1)/3), Chi_7(r,4) = Chi_7(r,3)^4, Chi_7(r,5) = Chi_7(r,3)^5, Chi_7(r,6) = Chi_7(r,3)^3. Chi_7(r,1) = 1 and Chi_7(r,7) = 0, for r=1..6. This produces the character modulo 7 table. See the Apostol reference, p. 139, with interchanged rows r = 2..6. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 19 2017
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MATHEMATICA
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a[1] = 1; a[n_] := (p = Prime[n]; Select[Range[p], PrimeQ[#] && MultiplicativeOrder[#, p] == EulerPhi[p] &, 1]) // First; Table[a[n], {n, 100}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 30 2011 *)
a[1] = 1; a[n_] := SelectFirst[PrimitiveRootList[Prime[n]], PrimeQ]; Array[a, 101] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 28 2016 *)
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PROG
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(PARI) leastroot(p)=forprime(q=2, p, if(znorder(Mod(q, p))+1==p, return(q)))
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,nice,easy
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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