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A332705
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Number of unit square faces (or surface area) of a stage-n Menger sponge.
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14
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6, 72, 1056, 18048, 336384, 6531072, 129048576, 2568388608, 51267108864, 1024536870912, 20484294967296, 409634359738368, 8192274877906944, 163842199023255552, 3276817592186044416, 65536140737488355328, 1310721125899906842624
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OFFSET
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0,1
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COMMENTS
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The values are established based on the following observation: A stage-0 Menger sponge has 6 faces (a cube). Note that a face here corresponds to the unit face of a unit cube used to construct the Menger sponge. This means that counting the faces is equivalent to computing the surface area. After that, a stage-n Menger sponge is created by replacing each of the 20 cubes of the stage-1 Menger sponge with a stage-(n-1) Menger sponge. Each of the 8 stage-(n-1) sponges on the corner loses 3 sides of outer faces (which represents a total of 8^(n-1) faces). Each of the 12 stage-(n-1) Menger sponges on the edges (between the corners) lose two sides of outer faces. Thus the recurrence formula given below.
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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a(n) = 20*a(n-1) - 3*2^(1 + 3*n); with a(0)=6.
a(n) = 2^(1 + 2*n) (2^(1 + n) + 5^n) (Direct formula based on suggestion by Rémy Sigrist).
G.f.: 6*(1 - 16*x) / ((1 - 8*x)*(1 - 20*x)).
a(n) = 28*a(n-1) - 160*a(n-2) for n > 2. (End)
a(n) = 2*20^n + 4*8^n.
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EXAMPLE
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a(0)=6 is the number of faces of a cube.
a(1)=72 is the number of faces of a stage-1 Menger sponge, which has 6*8 faces on its convex hull, and 6*4 faces not on its convex hull.
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MATHEMATICA
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seq[n_] := 20 seq[n - 1] - 3*2^(4 + 3 (n - 1)) /; (n >= 1); seq[0] := 6;
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PROG
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(PARI) Vec(6*(1 - 16*x) / ((1 - 8*x)*(1 - 20*x)) + O(x^20)) \\ Colin Barker, Feb 20 2020
(Python)
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CROSSREFS
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Related to A135918 (Genus of stage-n Menger sponge). The ratio of this sequence / genus of the stage-n Menger sponge tends toward 38/3.
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KEYWORD
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nonn,easy
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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