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A307696
Number of evolutionary duplication-loss-histories with n leaves of the caterpillar species tree with 2 leaves.
6
2, 7, 34, 200, 1318, 9354, 69864, 541323, 4310950, 35066384, 290081932, 2432766082, 20635672664, 176727482860, 1526000459400, 13270616752680, 116124930068670, 1021736927603190, 9033726534916920, 80220639767921370, 715166816624282820, 6398357633173869600
OFFSET
1,1
COMMENTS
An evolutionary history of size n is an ordered rooted (incomplete) binary tree with n leaves describing the evolution of a gene family of a species in phylogenomics. The caterpillar species tree S of size k is a binary tree with k leaves, where any left child is a leaf. Any node of the history is associated to a unique node of S, where specifically every leaf is associated to a leaf of S. A history is created by the following process (note that intermediate trees in this process may not be valid histories): Start with a root node associated to the root of S. For a given tree in the growth process, choose a leaf and perform a duplication, speciation, or (speciation-)loss event. A duplication event creates two children both associated to the same node as its parent. A speciation or (speciation-)loss event can only occur if the node is associated to an internal node in S. In that case, a speciation event creates two children associated to the children of the node in S. A (speciation-)loss event creates only a left or right child, associated to the left or right child in S, respectively.
FORMULA
G.f.: 1/2 - (1/2)*sqrt(-5 + 6*sqrt(1-4*z) + 4*z).
EXAMPLE
The caterpillar species tree with 2 leaves is equal to
a
/ \
1 2
For convenience the internal node is labeled by a, and the leaves by 1,2. The associated nodes in the histories will be denoted by the same labels.
The a(1)=2 histories with n=1 leaf are created by the following growth process:
a a
/ \
1 2
after one loss event each.
The a(2)=7 histories with n=2 leaves are created by the following growth process:
a a a a a a a
/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
1 2 1 2 a a a a a a a a
/ \ / \ / / / \ \ \ \ /
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1
PROG
(PARI) my(z='z+O('z^30)); Vec(1/2-(1/2)*sqrt(-5+6*sqrt(1-4*z)+4*z)) \\ Michel Marcus, Apr 22 2019
CROSSREFS
Caterpillar species tree sequences: A000108 (1 leaf), A307697 (3 leaves), A307698 (4 leaves), A307700 (5 leaves).
Sequence in context: A199475 A241599 A356118 * A237645 A117399 A145345
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Michael Wallner, Apr 22 2019
STATUS
approved