login
The OEIS is supported by the many generous donors to the OEIS Foundation.

 

Logo
Hints
(Greetings from The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences!)
A187761 Number of maps f: [n] -> [n] with f(x)<=x and f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x))). 9
1, 1, 2, 6, 23, 106, 568, 3459, 23544, 176850, 1451253, 12904312, 123489888, 1264591561, 13790277294, 159466823794, 1948259002647, 25066729706582, 338670605492700, 4792623436607059, 70873649458154500, 1092969062435462254, 17543703470388927229, 292600906102204630092 (list; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET
0,3
COMMENTS
This sequence and A187771 and A187824 are winners in the contest held at the 2013 AMS/MAA Joint Mathematics Meetings. - T. D. Noe, Jan 14 2013
Number of monotonic-labeled forests on n vertices with rooted trees of height less than 3. A labeled rooted tree is monotonic-labeled if the label of any parent vertex is (strictly) smaller than the label of any offspring vertex. (See comment by Dennis P. Walsh at A000110; with "greater" instead of "smaller".) To see this, consider the maps [1,2,...,n] -> [0,1,...,n-1] with f(x) < x.
As the maps are valid (left) inversion tables for permutations (see example), we obtain a simple bijection between permutations and such forests.
For n>=3 column 3 of A179455; maps such that f^[k](x) = f^[k-1](x) correspond to column k of A179455 (for n>=k).
Explanation of the Maple routine by Alois P. Heinz, Jan 15 2013: (Start)
b(n,x,y) is the number of forests consisting of trees we want to count, where n nodes are still to be inserted and x nodes at level 0 (the roots) and y nodes at level 1 are already present, plus perhaps some nodes at level 2 (whose number is not of interest).
If the next node is inserted at level 0 then n-1 remaining nodes are to be inserted (and level 0 has one more node: x+1). There is only one possibility to do that.
If the next node is inserted at level 1 then again n-1 nodes are to be inserted (and level 1 has one more node: y+1). The inserted node can have x different predecessors (at level 0), accounted by the multiplication by x.
If a node is inserted at level 2 then (again) n-1 nodes are to be inserted and level 2 has one more node (which is not counted). The inserted node can have y predecessors, accounted by the multiplication by y.
b(0,x,y) = 1 counts any fixed forest that has received all its nodes.
b(n,0,0) counts all forests that can be constructed by inserting n nodes into the empty forest.
(End)
Also the row sums of the Bell transform of the Bell numbers. Since the Bell numbers are the row sums of the Bell transform of the Stirling_2 numbers they might also be called second order Bell numbers. (Also note that the Stirling_2 numbers are the row sums of the Bell transform of the simplest sequence of positive numbers 1,1,1,... which in turn are the row sums of the Bell transform of the characteristic function of 0. See the link 'Bell Transform' for more about this hierarchy which might be called the Bell hierarchy.) - Peter Luschny, Jan 23 2016
LINKS
Peter Luschny, The Bell transform
Peter Luschny, Permutation Trees
FORMULA
Conjecture (confirmed below) about the e.g.f. A(x): Let B(x) = Sum_{n>=0} b(n) * x^n/n! = exp(exp(x)-1)) the e.g.f. of the Bell numbers (A000110). Then A(x) = Sum_{n>=0} a(n) * x^n/n! = exp( Sum_{n>=0} b(n) * x^(n+1)/(n+1)! ), see PARI program.
From Joerg Arndt, Jan 14 2013: (Start)
Conjecture (confirmed below): Let C(0,x) = 1 and for k>=1 C(k, x) = exp( integral(C(k-1,x)) ) then C(k,x) is the e.g.f. for monotonic-labeled forests on n vertices with rooted trees of height less than k (column k of A179455(n,k) for k>=1, n>=k).
For k=1 (C(1,x)=exp(x)) and k=2 (C(2,x)=exp(exp(x)-1)) this is known to be true, for k=3 this is the conjecture above. (End)
From Joerg Arndt, Jan 15 2013: (Start)
Gareth McCaughan, on the math-fun mailing list (Jan 14 2013), writes
"If F is the e.g.f. for Things Of Size n, then exp(F) is the e.g.f. for Multisets Of Things Whose Sizes Add Up To n. (The factorials turn into multinomial coefficients.)
"Which means the conjecture is right. (The integral turns that into 'multisets of things whose sizes plus 1 add up to n'; a tree is a forest together with a new node on top.)"
(End)
EXAMPLE
There are a(4)=23 such maps f: [0,1,2,3] -> [0,1,2,3], all 4-digit mixed-radix numbers [f(0), f(1), f(2), f(3)] where 0 <= f(k) <= k (rising factorial basis) except for [ 0 0 1 2 ], as f(3)=2 and f(f(3)) = f(2) = 1 != f(f(f(3))) = f(f(2)) = f(1) = 0.
The exception corresponds to the tree 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 3 (0 is the root), which can be identified with the map [1,2,3,4] -> [0,1,2,3] where f(k)=k-1.
MAPLE
b:= proc(n, x, y) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1,
b(n-1, x+1, y) +x*b(n-1, x, y+1) +y*b(n-1, x, y))
end:
a:= n-> b(n, 0, 0):
seq(a(n), n=0..25); # Alois P. Heinz, Jan 09 2013
# The function BellMatrix is defined in A264428.
B := BellMatrix(n -> combinat:-bell(n), 24):
seq(add(i, i=LinearAlgebra:-Row(B, n)), n=1..24); # Peter Luschny, Jan 23 2016
# alternative Maple program:
b:= proc(n, h) option remember; `if`(min(n, h)=0, 1, add(
binomial(n-1, j-1)*b(j-1, h-1)*b(n-j, h), j=1..n))
end:
a:= n-> b(n, 2):
seq(a(n), n=0..25); # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 21 2017
MATHEMATICA
b[n_, x_, y_] := b[n, x, y] = If[n == 0, 1, b[n-1, x+1, y]+x*b[n-1, x, y+1]+y*b[n-1, x, y]]; a[n_] := b[n, 0, 0]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 25 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
Table[Sum[BellY[n, k, BellB[Range[n] - 1]], {k, 0, n}], {n, 0, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Nov 09 2016 *)
PROG
(PARI) /* using e.g.f. A(x) */
x = 'x + O('x^66);
B = exp( exp(x) - 1 ); /* e.g.f. of Bell numbers */
A = serconvol( x * B, -log(1-x) );
/* A = intformal(B) */ /* alternative to last line */
A = exp( A );
Vec( serlaplace( A ) )
(Python)
from sympy.core.cache import cacheit
from sympy import binomial
@cacheit
def b(n, h): return 1 if min(n, h)==0 else sum([binomial(n - 1, j - 1)*b(j - 1, h - 1)*b(n - j, h) for j in range(1, n + 1)])
def a(n): return b(n, 2)
print([a(n) for n in range(31)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Aug 21 2017, after second Maple program by Alois P. Heinz
CROSSREFS
Cf. A000110 (Number of maps f: [n] -> [n] where f(x)<=x and f(f(x))=f(x) ).
Cf. A179455 (permutation trees of power n and height <= k+1 ).
Cf. A000949 (maps f: [n] -> [n] where f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x))) ).
Sequence in context: A363417 A125273 A336070 * A277176 A130908 A200404
KEYWORD
nonn,nice,changed
AUTHOR
Joerg Arndt, Jan 04 2013
STATUS
approved

Lookup | Welcome | Wiki | Register | Music | Plot 2 | Demos | Index | Browse | More | WebCam
Contribute new seq. or comment | Format | Style Sheet | Transforms | Superseeker | Recents
The OEIS Community | Maintained by The OEIS Foundation Inc.

License Agreements, Terms of Use, Privacy Policy. .

Last modified March 19 03:33 EDT 2024. Contains 370952 sequences. (Running on oeis4.)