OFFSET
0,2
FORMULA
Let [R^m]_k denote column k of matrix power R^m,
so that triangular matrix R may be defined by
[R]_k = [P^(3*k+3)]_0, k>=0,
where the triangular matrix P = A113370 satisfies:
[P]_k = [P^(3*k+1)]_0, k>=0.
Define the triangular matrix Q = A113381 by
[Q]_k = [P^(3*k+2)]_0, k>=0.
Then P, Q and R are related by:
Q^2 = R*P = R*Q*(R^-2)*Q*R = P*Q*(P^-2)*Q*P,
P^2 = Q*(R^-2)*Q^3, R^2 = Q^3*(P^-2)*Q.
Amazingly, columns in powers of P, Q, R, obey:
[P^(3*j+1)]_k = [P^(3*k+1)]_j,
[Q^(3*j+1)]_k = [P^(3*k+2)]_j,
[R^(3*j+1)]_k = [P^(3*k+3)]_j,
[Q^(3*j+2)]_k = [Q^(3*k+2)]_j,
[R^(3*j+2)]_k = [Q^(3*k+3)]_j,
[R^(3*j+3)]_k = [R^(3*k+3)]_j,
for all j>=0, k>=0.
Also, we have the column transformations:
P^3 * [P]_k = [P]_{k+1},
P^3 * [Q]_k = [Q]_{k+1},
P^3 * [R]_k = [R]_{k+1},
Q^3 * [P^2]_k = [P^2]_{k+1},
Q^3 * [Q^2]_k = [Q^2]_{k+1},
Q^3 * [R^2]_k = [R^2]_{k+1},
R^3 * [P^3]_k = [P^3]_{k+1},
R^3 * [Q^3]_k = [Q^3]_{k+1},
R^3 * [R^3]_k = [R^3]_{k+1},
for all k>=0.
EXAMPLE
Triangle R begins:
1;
3,1;
15,6,1;
136,66,9,1;
1998,1091,153,12,1;
41973,24891,3621,276,15,1;
1166263,737061,110637,8482,435,18,1;
40747561,27110418,4176549,323874,16430,630,21,1;
1726907675,1199197442,188802141,14813844,751920,28221,861,24,1;
Matrix cube R^3 (A113394) starts:
1;
9,1;
99,18,1;
1569,360,27,1;
34344,9051,783,36,1;
980487,284148,26820,1368,45,1; ...
where R^3 transforms column k of R^3 into column k+1:
at k=0, [R^3]*[1,9,99,1569,...] = [1,18,360,9051,...];
at k=1, [R^3]*[1,18,360,9051,..] = [1,27,783,26820,..].
PROG
(PARI) R(n, k)=local(A, B); A=Mat(1); for(m=2, n+1, B=matrix(m, m); for(i=1, m, for(j=1, i, if(i<3 || j==i || j>m-1, B[i, j]=1, if(j==1, B[i, 1]=1, B[i, j]=(A^(3*j-2))[i-j+1, 1])); )); A=B); (A^(3*k+3))[n-k+1, 1]
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabl
AUTHOR
Paul D. Hanna, Nov 14 2005
STATUS
approved