A370219 Irregular triangle T(n,k) read by rows: row n lists run-length encoding d_k values (see comments) for the properly nested string of parentheses encoded by A063171(n).

1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1

Offset

1,5

Comments

As explained by Knuth (2011), a string of properly nested parentheses of length 2*m (for m >= 1) can be run-length encoded as ()d_1()d_2 ... ()d_m, where d_k are nonnegative integers such that d_1 + d_2 + ... + d_k <= k for 1 <= k < m and d_1 + d_2 + ... + d_m = m.

References

Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 4A: Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1, Addison-Wesley, 2011, Section 7.2.1.6, pp. 440-444.

Links

Paolo Xausa, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..15521 (rows 1..2055 of the triangle, flattened).

Formula

T(n,k) = A370220(n,k+1) - A370220(n,k) - 1, for 1 <= k < A072643(n).

Example

The following table lists d_k values for properly nested strings having lengths up to 8, along with z_k, p_k and c_k values from related combinatorial objects (see related sequences for more information). Cf. Knuth (2011), p. 442, Table 1.
.
      | Properly |          |         | A370220 | A370221 | A370222
      | Nested   | A063171  | d d d d | z z z z | p p p p | c c c c
    n | String   |   (n)    | 1 2 3 4 | 1 2 3 4 | 1 2 3 4 | 1 2 3 4
  ----+----------+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------
    1 | ()       | 10       | 1       | 1       | 1       | 0
    2 | ()()     | 1010     | 1 1     | 1 3     | 1 2     | 0 0
    3 | (())     | 1100     | 0 2     | 1 2     | 2 1     | 0 1
    4 | ()()()   | 101010   | 1 1 1   | 1 3 5   | 1 2 3   | 0 0 0
    5 | ()(())   | 101100   | 1 0 2   | 1 3 4   | 1 3 2   | 0 0 1
    6 | (())()   | 110010   | 0 2 1   | 1 2 5   | 2 1 3   | 0 1 0
    7 | (()())   | 110100   | 0 1 2   | 1 2 4   | 2 3 1   | 0 1 1
    8 | ((()))   | 111000   | 0 0 3   | 1 2 3   | 3 2 1   | 0 1 2
    9 | ()()()() | 10101010 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 3 5 7 | 1 2 3 4 | 0 0 0 0
   10 | ()()(()) | 10101100 | 1 1 0 2 | 1 3 5 6 | 1 2 4 3 | 0 0 0 1
   11 | ()(())() | 10110010 | 1 0 2 1 | 1 3 4 7 | 1 3 2 4 | 0 0 1 0
   12 | ()(()()) | 10110100 | 1 0 1 2 | 1 3 4 6 | 1 3 4 2 | 0 0 1 1
   13 | ()((())) | 10111000 | 1 0 0 3 | 1 3 4 5 | 1 4 3 2 | 0 0 1 2
   14 | (())()() | 11001010 | 0 2 1 1 | 1 2 5 7 | 2 1 3 4 | 0 1 0 0
   15 | (())(()) | 11001100 | 0 2 0 2 | 1 2 5 6 | 2 1 4 3 | 0 1 0 1
   16 | (()())() | 11010010 | 0 1 2 1 | 1 2 4 7 | 2 3 1 4 | 0 1 1 0
   17 | (()()()) | 11010100 | 0 1 1 2 | 1 2 4 6 | 2 3 4 1 | 0 1 1 1
   18 | (()(())) | 11011000 | 0 1 0 3 | 1 2 4 5 | 2 4 3 1 | 0 1 1 2
   19 | ((()))() | 11100010 | 0 0 3 1 | 1 2 3 7 | 3 2 1 4 | 0 1 2 0
   20 | ((())()) | 11100100 | 0 0 2 2 | 1 2 3 6 | 3 2 4 1 | 0 1 2 1
   21 | ((()())) | 11101000 | 0 0 1 3 | 1 2 3 5 | 3 4 2 1 | 0 1 2 2
   22 | (((()))) | 11110000 | 0 0 0 4 | 1 2 3 4 | 4 3 2 1 | 0 1 2 3

Mathematica

zlist[m_] := With[{r = 2*Range[2, m]}, Reverse[Map[Join[{1}, #] &, Select[Subsets[Range[2, 2*m-1], {m-1}], Min[r-#] > 0 &]]]];
dlist[m_] := Map[Append[#, m - Total[#]] &, Map[Differences, zlist[m]] - 1];
Array[Delete[dlist[#], 0] &, 5]
(* 2nd program: uses Algorithm Z from Knuth's TAOCP section 7.2.1.6, exercise 2 *)
zlist[m_] := Block[{z = 2*Range[m] - 1, j},
    Reap[
    While[True,
        Sow[z];
        If[z[[m-1]] < z[[m]] - 1,
            z[[m]]--,
            j = m - 1; z[[m]] = 2*m - 1;
            While[j > 1 && z[[j-1]] == z[[j]] - 1, z[[j]] = 2*j - 1; j--];
            If[j == 1, Break[]];
            z[[j]]--]
    ]][[2]][[1]]];
dlist[m_] := Map[Append[#, m - Total[#]] &, Map[Differences, zlist[m]] - 1];
Join[{{1}}, Array[Delete[dlist[#], 0] &, 4, 2]] (* Paolo Xausa, Mar 25 2024 *)

Crossrefs

Cf. A000108, A063171, A072643 (row lengths and row sums).

Cf. A370220, A370221, A370222.

Sequence in context: A330720 A080234 A136049 * A225192 A262432 A135694

Adjacent sequences: A370216 A370217 A370218 * A370220 A370221 A370222

Keyword

nonn,tabf

Author

Paolo Xausa, Feb 12 2024

Status

approved