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%I #14 Jul 31 2018 10:02:58
%S 2,5,12,31,70,81,212,408,463,555,1045,1453,2378,3157,3804,6914,9959,
%T 13860,15605,18045,21622,26073,35491,68260,80782,90903,103247,123042,
%U 148183,178707,233030,321983,470832,467861,703292,1015645,1205641,1224876,1541791,2205232
%N Numbers k(n) used for Markoff forms determining quadratic irrationals with purely periodic continued fractions.
%C The indefinite binary quadratic Markoff form MF(n) = f_{m(n}(x, y) = m(n)*x^2 +(3*m(n) - 2*k(n))*x*y + ((k(n)^2 +1)/m(n) - 3*k(n))*y^2 with m(n) = A002559(n), for n >= 1, leads to purely periodic continued fractions for the solution x = xi(n) of f_{m(n)}(x, 1) = 0 with positive square root, namely xi(n) = ((2*k(n) - 3*m(n)) + sqrt(D(n)))/(2*m(n)) with discriminant D(n) = A305312(n). This form f_{m(n)}(x, y) is equivalent to the form fC_{m(n)}(x, y) given by Cassels (p. 31) with the k-sequence given in A305310.
%C The uniqueness conjecture (see A305310, also for the Aigner reference) is here assumed to be true. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Jul 29 2018
%D J. W. S. Cassels, An Introduction to Diophantine Approximation, Cambridge University Press, 1957, Chapter II, The Markoff Chain, pp. 18-44.
%D Thomas W. Cusick and Mary E. Flahive, The Markoff and Lagrange Spectra, Am. Math. Soc., Providence. Rhode Island, 1989.
%F a(n) = A305310(n) + 2, n >= 1. The proof is based on Theorem 3, pp. 23-24, of the Cusick-Flahive reference. See also the W. Lang link under A305310. - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Jul 29 2018
%e The form coefficients [m(n), 3*m(n) - 2*k(n), l(n) - 3*k(n)] with l(n) := (k(n)^2 +1)/m(n), n >= 1, begin: [1, -1, -1], [2, -4, -2], [5, -9, -7], [13, -23, -19], [29, -53, -41], [34, -60, -50], [89, -157, -131], [169, -309, -239], [194, -344, -284], [233, -411, -343], [433, -791, -613], [610, -1076, -898], [985, -1801, -1393], [1325, -2339, -1949], [1597, -2817, -2351], [2897, -5137, -4241], [4181, -7375, -6155], [5741, -10497, -8119], [6466, -11812, -9154], [7561, -13407, -11069], ... .
%e The corresponding quadratic irrationals xi(n) with purely periodic continued fraction representations begin: (1 + sqrt(5))/2, 1 + sqrt(2), (9+sqrt(221))/10, (23 + sqrt(1517))/26, (53 + sqrt(7565))/56, (15 + 5*sqrt(26))/17, (157 + sqrt(71285))/178, (309 + sqrt(257045))/338, (86 + sqrt(21170))/97, (411 + sqrt(488597))/466, (791 + sqrt(1687397))/866, (269 + sqrt(209306))/305, (1801 + sqrt(8732021))/1970, (2339 + sqrt(15800621))/2650, (2817 + sqrt(22953677))/3194, (5137 + sqrt(75533477))/5794, (7375 + sqrt(157326845))/8362, (10497 + 5*sqrt(11865269))/11482, (2953 + 5*sqrt(940706))/3233, (13407 + sqrt(514518485))/15122, ... .
%Y Cf. A002559, A305310.
%K nonn
%O 1,1
%A _Wolfdieter Lang_, Jun 26 2018
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