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%I #28 Mar 11 2018 13:26:12
%S 1,1,3,3,1,1,15,69,147,162,90,20,1,63,873,5191,16620,31560,36750,
%T 25830,10080,1680,1,255,9489,130767,919602,3832650,10238000,18244380,
%U 21990360,17745000,9198000,2772000,369600,1,1023,97953,2903071,40317780
%N This table shows the coefficients of combinatorial formulas needed for generating the sequential sums of p-th powers of tetrahedral numbers. The p-th row (p>=1) contains a(i,p) for i=1 to 3*p-2, where a(i,p) satisfies Sum_{i=1..n} C(i+2,3)^p = 4 * C(n+3,4) * Sum_{i=1..3*p-2} a(i,p) * C(n-1,i-1)/(i+3).
%C Let s_n denote the sequence (1, 4^n, 10^n, 20^n, ...) regarded as an infinite column vector, where 1, 4, 10, 20, ... is the sequence of tetrahedral numbers A000292. It appears that the n-th row of this table is determined by the matrix product P^(-1)s_n, where P denotes Pascal's triangle A007318. - _Peter Bala_, Nov 26 2017
%C From _Peter Bala_, Mar 11 2018: (Start)
%C The observation above is correct.
%C The table entries T(n,k) are the coefficients when expressing the polynomial C(x+3,3)^p of degree 3*p in terms of falling factorials: C(x+3,3)^p = Sum_{k = 0..3*p} T(p,k)*C(x,k). It follows that Sum_{i = 0..n-1} C(i+3,3)^p = Sum_{k = 0..3*p} T(p,k)*C(n,k+1).
%C The sum of the p-th powers of the tetrahedral numbers is also given by Sum_{i = 0..n-1} C(i+3,3)^p = Sum_{k = 3..3*p} A299041(p,k)*C(n+3,k+1) for p >= 1. (End)
%H G. C. Greubel, <a href="/A087107/b087107.txt">Table of n, a(n) for the first 50 rows, flattened</a>
%H Dukes, C. D. White, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.01589">Web Matrices: Structural Properties and Generating Combinatorial Identities</a>, arXiv:1603.01589 [math.CO], 2016.
%F a(i, p) = Sum_{k=1..[2*i+1+(-1)^(i-1)]/4} [ C(i-1, 2*k-2)*C(i-2*k+4, i-2*k+1)^(p-1) -C(i-1, 2*k-1)*C(i-2*k+3, i-2*k)^(p-1) ].
%F From _Peter Bala_, Nov 26 2017: (Start)
%F Conjectural formula for table entries: T(n,k) = Sum_{j = 0..k} (-1)^(k+j)*binomial(k,j)*binomial(j+3,3)^n.
%F Conjecturally, the n-th row polynomial R(n,x) = 1/(1 + x)*Sum_{i >= 0} binomial(i+3,3)^n *(x/(1 + x))^n. (End)
%F From _Peter Bala_, Mar 11 2018: (Start)
%F The conjectures above are correct.
%F The following remarks assume the row and column indices start at 0.
%F T(n+1,k) = C(k+3,3)*T(n,k) + 3*C(k+2,3)*T(n,k-1) + 3*C(k+1,3)*T(n,k-2) + C(k,3)*T(n,k-3) with boundary conditions T(n,0) = 1 for all n and T(n,k) = 0 for k > 3*n.
%F Sum_{k = 0..3*n} T(n,k)*binomial(x,k) = (binomial(x+3,3))^n.
%F x^3*R(n,x) = (1 + x)^3 * the n-th row polynomial of A299041.
%F R(n+1,x) = 1/3!*(1 + x)^3*(d/dx)^3 (x^3*R(n,x)).
%F (1 - x)^(3*n)*R(n,x/(1 - x)) gives the n-th row polynomial of A174266.
%F R(n,x) = (1 + x)^3 o (1 + x)^3 o ... o (1 + x)^3 (n factors), where o denotes the black diamond product of power series defined in Dukes and White. Note the polynomial x^3 o ... o x^3 (n factors) is the n-th row polynomial of A299041. (End)
%e Row 3 contains 1,15,69,147,162,90,20, so Sum_{i=1..n} C(i+2,3)^3 = 4 * C(n+3,4) * [ a(1,3)/4 + a(2,3)*C(n-1,1)/5 + a(3,3)*C(n-1,2)/6 + ... + a(7,3)*C(n-1,6)/10 ] = 4 * C(n+3,4) * [ 1/4 + 15*C(n-1,1)/5 + 69*C(n-1,2)/6 + 147*C(n-1,3)/7 + 162*C(n-1,4)/8 + 90*C(n-1,5)/9 + 20*C(n-1,6)/10 ]. Cf. A086021 for more details.
%e From _Peter Bala_, Mar 11 2018: (Start)
%e Table begins
%e n=0 | 1
%e n=1 | 1 3 3 1
%e n=2 | 1 15 69 147 162 90 20
%e n=3 | 1 63 873 5191 16620 31560 36750 25830 10080 1680
%e ...
%e Row 2: C(i+3,3)^2 = C(i,0) + 15*C(i,1) + 69*C(i,2) + 147*C(i,3) + 162*C(i,4) + 90*C(i,5) + 20*C(i,6). Hence, Sum_{i = 0..n-1} C(i+3,3)^2 = C(n,1) + 15*C(n,2) + 69*C(n,3) + 147*C(n,4) + 162*C(n,5) + 90*C(n,6) + 20*C(n,7). (End)
%p seq(seq(add( (-1)^(k-i)*binomial(k, i)*binomial(i+3, 3)^n, i= 0..k), k = 0..3*n), n = 0..8); # _Peter Bala_, Mar 11 2018
%t a[i_, p_] := Sum[Binomial[i - 1, 2*k - 2]*Binomial[i - 2*k + 4, i - 2*k + 1]^(p - 1) - Binomial[i - 1, 2*k - 1]*Binomial[i - 2*k + 3, i - 2*k]^(p - 1), {k, 1, (2*i + 1 + (-1)^(i - 1))/4}]; Table[If[p == 1, 1, a[i, p]], {p, 1, 10}, {i, 1, 3*p - 2}]//Flatten (* _G. C. Greubel_, Nov 23 2017 *)
%o (PARI) {a(i, p) = sum(k=1, (2*i + 1 + (-1)^(i - 1))/4, binomial(i - 1, 2*k - 2)*binomial(i - 2*k + 4, i - 2*k + 1)^(p - 1) - binomial(i - 1, 2*k - 1)*binomial(i - 2*k + 3, i - 2*k)^(p - 1))}; for(p=1,8, for(i=1, 3*p-2, print1(if(p==1,1,a(i,p)), ", "))) \\ _G. C. Greubel_, Nov 23 2017
%Y Cf. A000292, A024166, A087127, A024166, A085438, A085439, A085440, A085441, A085442, A000332, A086020, A086021, A086022, A087108, A000389, A086023, A086024, A087109, A000579, A086025, A086026, A087110, A000580, A086027, A086028, A087111, A027555, A086029, A086030.
%Y Cf. A087127, A087110, A174266, A299041.
%K easy,nonn,tabf
%O 1,3
%A _André F. Labossière_, Aug 11 2003
%E Edited by _Dean Hickerson_, Aug 16 2003
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