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%I #56 Oct 18 2019 00:55:43
%S 4,9,25,49,121,125,169,289,343,361,418,529,841,961,1331,1369,1681,
%T 1849,2197,2209,2809,3481,3721,4489,4913,5041,5329,6241,6859,6889,
%U 7921,9409,10201,10609,11449,11881,12167,12769,16129,17161,18769,19321
%N Composite integers k such that binomial(2*k, k) == 2 (mod k).
%C Also, composite integers k such that A000108(k) == 2 (mod k).
%C It seems that the sequence contains all squares of primes and some cubes of odd primes. But it includes other terms as well, including 418 = 2*11*19 and 27173 = 29*937. [edited by _Jon E. Schoenfield_, Jul 31 2018]
%C By Wolstenholme's theorem, this sequence does contain all squares of primes and cubes of primes > 3^3, since for primes p > 3 we have binomial(2p^3, p^3) == binomial(2p^2, p^2) == binomial(2p, p) == binomial(2, 1) == 2 (mod p^3). See the link below. - _Jianing Song_, Aug 01 2018
%C Note that binomial(2*(n+1), n+1) = binomial(2*n, n) * (4 - 2/(n+1)), which could be used to find terms. - _David A. Corneth_, Aug 05 2018
%C Up to a(800) = 30946969, 2001341 = 787 * 2543 is the only further term which, like 418 and 27173, is neither a square nor a cube. - _Giovanni Resta_, Aug 08 2018
%H Giovanni Resta, <a href="/A082180/b082180.txt">Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1320</a> (terms < 10^8, first 193 terms from David A. Corneth)
%H Wikipedia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolstenholme%27s_theorem">Wolstenholme's theorem</a>
%p select(n-> not isprime(n) and modp(binomial(2*n,n),n)=2,[$1..10000]); # _Muniru A Asiru_, Aug 01 2018
%t nn=20000;With[{comps=Complement[Range[nn],Prime[Range[PrimePi[nn]]]]}, Select[ comps,Mod[Binomial[2#,#],#]==2&]] (* _Harvey P. Dale_, May 24 2012 *)
%t Select[Range@ 20000, CompositeQ@# && Mod[Binomial[2 #, #], #] == 2 &] (* _Robert G. Wilson v_, Aug 01 2018 *)
%o (PARI) forcomposite(c=1, 2e4, if(Mod(binomial(2*c, c), c)==2, print1(c, ", "))) \\ _Felix Fröhlich_, Jul 30 2018
%o (PARI) upto(n) = {my(binomp = 2, res = List()); for(t = 2, n, binomp *= (4 - 2/t);
%o if(!isprime(t) && binomp % t == 2, listput(res, t))); res} \\ _David A. Corneth_, Aug 05 2018
%o (GAP) Filtered([1..1000],n->not IsPrime(n) and Binomial(2*n,n) mod n =2); # _Muniru A Asiru_, Aug 01 2018
%Y Cf. A000108, A246131, A328497.
%K nonn
%O 1,1
%A _Benoit Cloitre_, May 10 2003
%E More terms from _John W. Layman_, Jun 09 2004
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