OFFSET
2,2
COMMENTS
A directed path of length k in a rooted tree is a sequence of k+1 vertices v[1], v[2], ..., v[k], v[k+1], such that v[j] is a child of v[j-1] for j = 2,3,...,k+1.
The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree can be defined in the following recursive manner: to the one-vertex tree there corresponds the number 1; to a tree T with root degree 1 there corresponds the t-th prime number, where t is the Matula-Goebel number of the tree obtained from T by deleting the edge emanating from the root; to a tree T with root degree m>=2 there corresponds the product of the Matula-Goebel numbers of the m branches of T.
Number of entries in row n is A109082(n) (n=2,3,...).
Sum of entries in row n is A196047(n).
Sum(k*T(n,k),k>=1)=A198326(n).
LINKS
F. Goebel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.
I. Gutman and A. Ivic, On Matula numbers, Discrete Math., 150, 1996, 131-142.
I. Gutman and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Deducing properties of trees from their Matula numbers, Publ. Inst. Math., 53 (67), 1993, 17-22.
D. W. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Rev. 10 (1968) 273.
FORMULA
We give the recursive construction of the row generating polynomials P(n)=P(n,x): P(1)=0; if n=prime(t), then P(n)=x*E(n)+x*P(t), where E denotes number of edges (computed recursively and programmed in A196050); if n=r*s (r,s>=2), then P(n)=P(r)+P(s) (2nd Maple program yields P(n)).
EXAMPLE
T(7,1)=3 and T(7,2)=2 because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 7 is the rooted tree Y, having 3 directed paths of length 1 (the edges) and 2 directed paths of length 2.
Triangle starts:
1;
2,1;
2;
3,2,1;
3,1;
3,2;
3;
...
MAPLE
with(numtheory): P := proc (n) local r, s, E: r := proc (n) options operator, arrow: op(1, factorset(n)) end proc: s := proc (n) options operator, arrow: n/r(n) end proc: E := proc (n) if n = 1 then 0 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then 1+E(pi(n)) else E(r(n))+E(s(n)) end if end proc: if n = 1 then 0 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then sort(expand(x*E(n)+x*P(pi(n)))) else sort(P(r(n)) +P(s(n))) end if end proc: T := proc (n, k) options operator, arrow: coeff(P(n), x, k) end proc: for n from 2 to 15 do seq(T(n, k), k = 1 .. degree(P(n))) end do; # yields sequence in triangular form
P(987654321); # yields P(987654321)
MATHEMATICA
r[n_] := FactorInteger[n][[1, 1]];
s[n_] := n/r[n];
e[n_] := Which[n == 1, 0, PrimeOmega[n] == 1, 1 + e[PrimePi[n]], True, e[r[n]] + e[s[n]]];
P[n_] := Which[n == 1, 0, PrimeOmega[n] == 1, x*e[n] + x*P[PrimePi[n]], True, P[r[n]] + P[s[n]]];
T[n_] := Rest@CoefficientList[P[n], x];
Table[T[n], {n, 2, 50}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 22 2024, after Maple code *)
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabf
AUTHOR
Emeric Deutsch, Nov 02 2011
STATUS
approved