OFFSET
1,1
COMMENTS
There are no other Giuga numbers with 8 or fewer prime factors. I did an exhaustive search using a PARI script which implemented Borwein and Girgensohn's method for finding n factor solutions given n - 2 factors. - Fred Schneider, Jul 04 2006
One further Giuga number is known with 10 prime factors, namely:
420001794970774706203871150967065663240419575375163060922876441614\
2557211582098432545190323474818 =
2 * 3 * 11 * 23 * 31 * 47059 * 2217342227 * 1729101023519 * 8491659218261819498490029296021 * 58254480569119734123541298976556403 but this may not be the next term. (See the Butske et al. paper.)
Conjecture: Giuga numbers are the solution of the differential equation n' = n + 1, where n' is the arithmetic derivative of n. - Paolo P. Lava, Nov 16 2009
n is a Giuga number if and only if n' = a*n + 1 for some integer a > 0 (see our preprint in arXiv:1103.2298). - José María Grau Ribas, Mar 19 2011
A composite number n is a Giuga number if and only if Sum_{i = 1..n-1} i^phi(n) == -1 (mod n), where phi(n) = A000010(n). - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 03 2014
A composite number n is a Giuga number if and only if Sum_{prime p|n} 1/p = 1/n + an integer. (In fact, all known Giuga numbers n satisfy Sum_{prime p|n} 1/p = 1/n + 1.) - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 08 2014
The prime factors of a(n) are listed as n-th row of A236434. - M. F. Hasler, Jul 13 2015
Conjecture: let k = a(n) and k be the product of x(n) distinct prime factors where x(n) <= x(n+1). Then, for any even n, n/2 + 2 <= x(n) <= n/2 + 3 and, for any odd n, (n+1)/2 + 2 <= x(n) <= (n+1)/2 + 3. For any n > 1, there are y "old" distinct prime factors o(1)...o(y) such that o(1) = 2, o(2) = 3, and z "new" distinct prime factors n(1)...n(z) such that none of them - unlike the "old" ones - can be a divisor of a(q) while q < n; n(1) > o(y), y = x(n) - z >= 2, 2 <= z <= b where b is either 4, or 1/2*n. - Sergey Pavlov, Feb 24 2017
Conjecture: a composite n is a Giuga number if and only if Sum_{k=1..n-1} k^lambda(n) == -1 (mod n), where lambda(n) = A002322(n). - Thomas Ordowski and Giovanni Resta, Jul 25 2018
A composite number n is a Giuga number if and only if A326690(n) = 1. - Jonathan Sondow, Jul 19 2019
A composite n is a Giuga number if and only if n * A027641(phi(n)) == - A027642(phi(n)) (mod n^2). Note: Euler's phi function A000010 can be replaced by the Carmichael lambda function A002322. - Thomas Ordowski, Jun 07 2020
By von Staudt and Clausen theorem, a composite n is a Giuga number if and only if n * A027759(phi(n)) == A027760(phi(n)) (mod n^2). Note: Euler's phi function can be replaced by the Carmichael lambda function. - Thomas Ordowski, Aug 01 2020
REFERENCES
J.-M. De Koninck, Ces nombres qui nous fascinent, Entry 30, pp 11, Ellipses, Paris 2008.
LINKS
M. A. Alekseyev, J. M. Grau, A. M. Oller-Marcen. Computing solutions to the congruence 1^n + 2^n + ... + n^n == p (mod n). Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2018.05.022 arXiv:1602.02407 [math.NT], 2016.
D. Borwein, J. M. Borwein, P. B. Borwein and R. Girgensohn, Giuga's Conjecture on Primality, Amer. Math. Monthly 103, No. 1, 40-50 (1996).
J. M. Borwein and E. Wong, A Survey of Results Relating to Giuga's Conjecture on Primality, Vinet, Luc (ed.): Advances in Mathematical Sciences: CRM's 25 Years. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. CRM Proc. Lect. Notes. 11, 13-27 (1997).
William Butske, Lynda M. Jaje, and Daniel R. Mayernik, On the equation Sum_{p | N} 1/p + (1/N)=1, pseudoperfect numbers and perfectly weighted graphs, Math. Comp. 69 (2000), no. 229, 407-420.
José María Grau and Antonio M. Oller-Marcén, Giuga Numbers and the arithmetic derivative., arXiv:1103.2298 [math.NT], 2011; J. Int. Seq. 15 (2012) 12.4.1
José María Grau and Antonio M. Oller-Marcén, Generalizing Giuga's conjecture, arXiv:1103.3483 [math.NT], 2011.
J. M. Grau and A. M. Oller-Marcén, On the congruence sum_{j=1}^{n-1} j^{k(n-1)} == -1 (mod n); k-strong Giuga and k-Carmichael numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.3522 [math.NT], 2013.
J. M. Grau, A. M. Oller-Marcén, and D. Sadornil, On µ-Sondow Numbers, arXiv:2111.14211 [math.NT], 2021.
John Machacek, Egyptian Fractions and Prime Power Divisors, arXiv:1706.01008 [math.NT], 2017.
Mersenne Forum, Giuga numbers
Romeo Meštrović, Generalizations of Carmichael numbers I, arXiv:1305.1867 [math.NT], May 04 2013.
R. Mestrovic, On a Congruence Modulo n^3 Involving Two Consecutive Sums of Powers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 (2014), 14.8.4.
J. Sondow and K. MacMillan, Primary pseudoperfect numbers, arithmetic progressions, and the Erdős-Moser equation, Amer. Math. Monthly, 124 (2017) 232-240; arXiv:math/1812.06566 [math.NT], 2018.
J. Sondow and E. Tsukerman, The p-adic order of power sums, the Erdos-Moser equation, and Bernoulli numbers, arXiv:1401.0322 [math.NT], 2014; see section 4.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Giuga Number.
Wikipedia, Agoh-Giuga conjecture
Wikipedia, Giuga number
FORMULA
Sum_{i = 1..a(n)-1} i^phi(a(n)) == -1 (mod a(n)). - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 03 2014
EXAMPLE
From M. F. Hasler, Jul 13 2015: (Start)
The prime divisors of 30 are {2, 3, 5}, and 2 divides 30/2-1 = 14, 3 divides 30/3-1 = 9, and 5 divides 30/5-1 = 5.
The prime divisors of 858 are {2, 3, 11, 13} and 858/2-1 = 428 is even, 858/3-1 = 285 is divisible by 3, 858/11-1 = 77 is a multiple of 11, and 858/13-1 = 65 = 13*5.
(End)
MATHEMATICA
fQ[n_] := AllTrue[First /@ FactorInteger@ n, Divisible[n/# - 1, #] &]; Select[Range@ 100000, CompositeQ@ # && fQ@ # &] (* Michael De Vlieger, Oct 05 2015 *)
PROG
(PARI) is(n)=if(isprime(n), return(0)); my(f=factor(n)[, 1]); for(i=1, #f, if((n/f[i])%f[i]!=1, return(0))); n>1 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 28 2015
(Python)
from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import isprime, primefactors
def A007850_gen(startvalue=2): # generator of terms >= startvalue
return filter(lambda x: not isprime(x) and all((x//p-1) % p == 0 for p in primefactors(x)), count(max(startvalue, 2)))
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,nice,hard,more
AUTHOR
D. Borwein, J. M. Borwein, P. B. Borwein and R. Girgensohn
EXTENSIONS
a(12) from Fred Schneider, Jul 04 2006
Further references from Fred Schneider, Aug 19 2006
Definition corrected by Jonathan Sondow, Sep 16 2012
STATUS
approved