A363416 a(n) = 1/sqrt(5) * the imaginary part of Product_{k = 0..n} 1 + k*sqrt(-5).

0, 1, 3, -24, -240, 1890, 40446, -311472, -12038544, 86898420, 5614173180, -36099955584, -3786960576672, 20307572439336, 3492389655843480, -14110473458954880, -4223754447793582464, 10493742733654512528, 6488421280167604253616, -4618066393756887442560, -12344309538368967592151040

Offset

0,3

Comments

Compare with A105751(n) = the imaginary part of Product_{k = 0..n} 1 + k*sqrt(-1).

Moll (2012) studied the prime divisors of the terms of A105750 - the real part of Product_{k = 0..n} 1 + k*sqrt(-1) - and divided the primes into three classes. Numerical calculation suggests that a similar division holds in this case.

Type 1: primes p that do not divide any element of the sequence {a(n)}.

We conjecture that in this case, unlike in A105750, the set of type 1 primes is empty; that is, every prime p divides some term of this sequence.

Type 2: primes p such that the p-adic valuation v_p(a(n)) has asymptotically linear behavior. An example is given below.

We conjecture that the set of type 2 primes consists of primes p == 1, 3, 7 or 9 (mod 20), equivalently, rational primes that split in the field extension Q(sqrt(-5)) of Q, together with the prime p = 2. See A139513.

Moll's conjecture 5.5 extends to this sequence and takes the form:

(i) the 2-adic valuation v_2(a(n)) ~ n/4 as n -> oo.

(ii) for the other primes of type 2, the p-adic valuation v_p(a(n)) ~ n/(p - 1) as n -> oo.

Type 3: primes p such that the sequence of p-adic valuations {v_p(a(n)) : n >= 0} exhibits an oscillatory behavior (this phrase is not precisely defined). An example is given below.

We conjecture that the set of type 3 primes consists of primes p == 11, 13, 17 or 19 (mod 20), equivalently, primes that remain inert in the field extension Q(sqrt(-5)) of Q, together with the prime p = 5, which ramifies in Q(sqrt(-5)). See A003626.

Links

Table of n, a(n) for n=0..20.

Victor H. Moll, An arithmetic conjecture on a sequence of arctangent sums, 2012, see f_n.

Formula

P-recursive: (n - 1)*a(n) = (2*n - 1)*a(n-1) - n*(5*n^2 - 10*n + 6)*a(n-2) with

a(0) = 0 and a(1) = 1.

a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..floor((n+1)/2)} (-5)^k*Stirling1(n+1,n-2*k).

Example

Type 2 prime p = 3: the sequence of 3-adic valuations [v_3(a(n)) : n = 1..80] = [0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 31, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 39, 39, 41, 40, 40].
Note that v_3(a(80)) = 40 = 80/(3 - 1), in agreement with the asymptotic behavior for type 2 primes conjectured above.
Type 3 prime p = 11: the sequence of 11-adic valuations [v_11(a(n)) : n = 1..121] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2], showing the oscillatory behavior for type 3 primes conjectured above.

Maple

a := proc(n) option remember; if n = 0 then 0 elif n = 1 then 1 else (
(2*n - 1)*a(n-1) - n*(5*n^2 - 10*n + 6)*a(n-2) )/(n - 1) end if; end:
seq(a(n), n = 0..20);

Crossrefs

Cf. A105750, A105751, A363409 - A363415

Sequence in context: A277462 A371522 A230325 * A365154 A361846 A365147

Adjacent sequences: A363413 A363414 A363415 * A363417 A363418 A363419

Keyword

sign,easy

Author

Peter Bala, Jun 01 2023

Status

approved