The
abundant numbers are
positive integers n for which the
sum of divisors of
n exceeds
.
The first
even abundant number is
, with
σ (12) = ⋅ (3 + 1) = 7 ⋅ 4 = 28 > 24 = 2 ⋅ 12 |
.
The first
odd abundant number (the 232
nd abundant number) is
945 = 3 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 = 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 9 = 9!! |
(the
double factorial of 9), with
σ (945) = ⋅ (5 + 1) ⋅ (7 + 1) = 40 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 = 1920 > 1890 = 2 ⋅ 945 |
.
The abundancy of n is
where
is the
sum of divisors of
.
[1] An equivalent definition is
Abundant numbers are numbers with abundancy greater than 2, while
perfect numbers are numbers with abundancy equal to 2 and
deficient numbers are numbers with abundancy less than 2. When the abundancy of a positive integer
n is a positive integer
we have a
k-perfect number, 1 being the only 1-perfect number.
A017665 Numerator of sum of reciprocals of divisors of n.
- 1, 3, 4, 7, 6, 2, 8, 15, 13, 9, 12, 7, 14, 12, 8, 31, 18, 13, 20, 21, 32, 18, 24, 5, 31, 21, 40, 2, 30, 12, 32, 63, 16, 27, 48, 91, 38, 30, 56, 9, 42, 16, 44, 21, 26, 36, 48, 31, ...
A017666 Denominator of sum of reciprocals of divisors of n.
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 7, 8, 9, 5, 11, 3, 13, 7, 5, 16, 17, 6, 19, 10, 21, 11, 23, 2, 25, 13, 27, 1, 29, 5, 31, 32, 11, 17, 35, 36, 37, 19, 39, 4, 41, 7, 43, 11, 15, 23, 47, 12, 49, 50, ...
Properties
Any positive multiple of an abundant number is also an abundant number. Furthermore, any positive multiple (greater than 1) of a perfect number is an abundant number.
Theorem AbT1.
All positive multiples of abundant numbers are also abundant: Given a positive abundant number n and any positive integer m, the number is also abundant.
Proof. It suffices to prove that is abundant where is abundant and is prime, because is a product of zero or more primes and they can be applied by induction. If and are coprime, then σ−1(n p) = σ−1(n) ⋅ σ−1( p) > 2 ⋅ σ−1( p) > 2 |
by the multiplicativity of . Otherwise, let where and are coprime and note that σ−1(n p) = σ−1(k p e +1) = σ−1(k) ⋅ σ−1( p e +1) > σ−1(k) ⋅ σ−1( p e) = σ−1(k p e) = σ−1(n) = 2 |
since is strictly increasing in . □
For example,
is abundant, and so by the theorem its positive multiples are also abundant:
{12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180, 192, 204, 216, 228, ...} |
(
A008594).
Corollary AbC1.
All positive multiples , of perfect numbers are abundant.
Proof. The above proof suffices, noting that and . □
Corollary AbC2.
The abundant numbers have positive lower density.
Proof. 6 is a perfect number, so by Corollary AbC1 the lower density is at least . □
The abundant numbers have density of
- at least (since 6 is perfect);
- at least (since 6 and 28 are perfect);
- at least (since 6 and 28 are perfect and 20 is primitive abundant).
Deléglise
[2] gives better bounds: their lower density is at least
and their upper density is at most
.
All even numbers greater than 46 can be expressed as the sum of two abundant numbers in at least one way. For example,
.
Theorem AbT2.
All even numbers greater than 46 are the sum of two abundant numbers in at least one way.
Proof. Recall that all multiples of an abundant number are also abundant, and that all multiples of a perfect number save the perfect number itself are abundant (by Theorem AbT1 above and its corollary). Now consider an even number , but modulo , thus giving us just six cases to consider. Note that is an abundant number. If , this means that is a multiple of and can be expressed as a sum of smaller multiples of in at least two ways (since , e.g., ). Note that is an abundant number. If , we can do with an odd integer (thus assuring is abundant). If , we can do . If , we can do . If , we can do We have purposely left for last, since . For this case, we can do , in which both addends are abundant provided . This exhausts all six cases, proving the theorem. □
Theorem AbT3.
All integers greater than 20161 are expressible as the sum of two abundant numbers in at least one way.
Proof. Following Parkin & Lander[3], write
where e is even and 2 < o < 90 is odd. 88e is abundant by Corollary AbC1 and it can be checked that 315o is also abundant (as it suffices to check o = 3, 7, and 89). This form can represent all odd n > 28122 and even numbers are handled by Theorem AbT2, so it suffices to check that the odd numbers between 20162 and 28122 can be expressed as such sums. □
A048242 Numbers that are not the sum of two abundant numbers (not necessarily distinct). (
is the largest even term;
is the largest term.)
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, ..., 20161
Primitive abundant numbers
A091191 Primitive abundant numbers: abundant numbers (A005101) having no abundant proper divisor (abundant numbers all of whose proper divisors are either deficient numbers or perfect numbers). (Union of A071395 and A275082.)
- 12, 18, 20, 30, 42, 56, 66, 70, 78, 88, 102, 104, 114, 138, 174, 186, 196, 222, 246, 258, 272, 282, 304, 308, 318, 354, 364, 366, 368, 402, 426, 438, 464, 474, 476, 498, 532, 534, 550, 572, 582, 606, 618, 642, 644, 650, 654, 678, 748, 762, 786, 812, 822, ...
A071395 Primitive abundant numbers (abundant numbers all of whose proper divisors are deficient numbers).
- 20, 70, 88, 104, 272, 304, 368, 464, 550, 572, 650, 748, 836, 945, 1184, 1312, 1376, 1430, 1504, 1575, 1696, 1870, 1888, 1952, 2002, 2090, 2205, 2210, 2470, 2530, 2584, 2990, 3128, 3190, 3230, 3410, 3465, 3496, 3770, 3944, 4030, 4070, 4095, 4216, 4288, ...
A275082 Primitive abundant numbers (having no abundant proper divisors) that have perfect proper divisors. (All even, since there are no known odd perfect numbers...)
- 12, 18, 30, 42, 56, 66, 78, 102, 114, 138, 174, 186, 196, 222, 246, 258, 282, 308, 318, 354, 364, 366, 402, 426, 438, 474, 476, 498, 532, 534, 582, 606, 618, 642, 644, 654, 678, 762, 786, 812, 822, 834, 868, 894, 906, 942, 978, 992, 1002, 1036, 1038, 1074, 1086, 1146, ...
A006038 Odd primitive abundant numbers (odd abundant numbers all of whose proper divisors are odd deficient numbers, since there are no known odd perfect numbers...).[4]
- 945, 1575, 2205, 3465, 4095, 5355, 5775, 5985, 6435, 6825, 7245, 7425, 8085, 8415, 8925, 9135, 9555, 9765, 11655, 12705, 12915, 13545, 14805, 15015, 16695, 18585, 19215, 19635, 21105, 21945, 22365, 22995, 23205, 24885, 25935, 26145, 26565, 28035, 28215, ...
Nonprimitive abundant numbers
A091192 Abundant numbers (A005101) having at least one abundant proper divisor.
- 24, 36, 40, 48, 54, 60, 72, 80, 84, 90, 96, 100, 108, 112, 120, 126, 132, 140, 144, 150, 156, 160, 162, 168, 176, 180, 192, 198, 200, 204, 208, 210, 216, 220, 224, 228, 234, 240, 252, 260, 264, 270, 276, 280, 288, 294, 300, 306, 312, 320, 324, 330, 336, 340, ...
A?????? Odd abundant numbers having at least one odd abundant proper divisor.
- 2835, 4725, 6615, 7875, 8505, 10395, 11025, 12285, 14175, ...
- Apparently only contained in A005231, A174535, A174865 and A248694.
Other subsets
A173490 Even abundant numbers (even numbers
whose sum of divisors exceeds
):
[5]
- 12, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 100, 102, 104, …
A?????? Even abundant numbers having no perfect proper divisor.
- 20, 40, 70, 80, 88, 100, 104, 140, 160, 176, 200, …
- Cf. A064409, A093891, A177085, A192819, A204829, A280149 for potential supersets.
A005231 Odd abundant numbers (odd numbers
whose sum of divisors exceeds
):
[5]
- 945, 1575, 2205, 2835, 3465, 4095, 4725, 5355, 5775, 5985, 6435, 6615, 6825, 7245, 7425, 7875, 8085, …
A004490: Colossally abundant numbers:[6]
- 2, 6, 12, 60, 120, 360, 2520, 5040, 55440, 720720, 1441440, 4324320, 21621600, 367567200, 6983776800, …
A002093 Highly abundant numbers:
.
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60, 72, 84, 90, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, 180, …
A004394 Superabundant numbers:
n such that
.
- 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 720, 840, 1260, 1680, 2520, 5040, 10080, 15120, …
See also
References