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Random numbers
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True random numbers cannot (by definition) be obtained by any algorithm whatsoever, but must be extracted from a nondeterministic physical process, either
- a chaotic classical physical process (i.e., involving the butterfly effect), or
- a quantum physical process (e.g. Johnson–Nyquist noise [also called thermal, Johnson or Nyquist noise], cosmic microwave background radiation, photoelectric effect, radioactive decay).
Contents
Sequences
A002205 The RAND Corporation list of a million random digits.[1]
- {1, 0, 0, 9, 7, 3, 2, 5, 3, 3, 7, 6, 5, 2, 0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 6, 3, 4, 6, 7, 3, 5, 4, 8, 7, 6, 8, 0, 9, 5, 9, 0, 9, 1, 1, 7, 3, 9, 2, 9, 2, 7, 4, 9, 4, 5, 3, 7, 5, 4, 2, 0, 4, 8, 0, 5, 6, 4, 8, 9, 4, 7, 4, 2, 9, 6, 2, ( ... ),
- 5, 3, 4, 7, 9, 8, 1, 1, 1, 5, 9, 8, 0, 3, 6, 1, 2, 2, 1, 7, 5, 9, 5, 2, 6, 4, 0, 2, 3, 8, 4, 0, 5, 7, 7, 3, 9, 3, 5, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 6, 9, 2, 5, 5, 9, 7, 3, 4, 4, 7, 0, 3, 2, 8, 5, 8, 1, 1, 6, 9, 1, 9, 6, 4, 2, ( ... ),
- 2, 2, 6, 9, 5, 4, 1, 9, 8, 8}
A104183 Table of random digits from Abramowitz and Stegun.[2] (An extract from the RAND Corporation table; a subsequence of [what seems to be the last] 12500 terms from A002205.)
- {5, 3, 4, 7, 9, 8, 1, 1, 1, 5, 9, 8, 0, 3, 6, 1, 2, 2, 1, 7, 5, 9, 5, 2, 6, 4, 0, 2, 3, 8, 4, 0, 5, 7, 7, 3, 9, 3, 5, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 6, 9, 2, 5, 5, 9, 7, 3, 4, 4, 7, 0, 3, 2, 8, 5, 8, 1, 1, 6, 9, 1, 9, 6, 4, 2, ( ... ),
- 2, 2, 6, 9, 5, 4, 1, 9, 8, 8}
True random number generators (TRNGs)
- Not to be confused with pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) and quasirandom number generators (QRNGs).
A true random number generator (TRNG) is an apparatus that generates truly random numbers from either
- a chaotic classical physical process (e.g., lava lamps[3]), or
- a quantum physical process (e.g., a lens capped digital webcam[4]).
Evaluation
There are well established test batteries for random data sets. A few are the NIST and Dieharder test suites.
See also
Notes
- ↑ The RAND Corporation, A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates, 2001 (original edition: The Free Press, NY, 1955).
- ↑ M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972, Table 26.11, pp. 991-995 [alternative scanned copy].
- ↑ Lavarand—Wikipedia.org.
- ↑ http://www.lavarnd.org/news/lavadiff.html
External links
- RANDOM.ORG Claims to offer "true random numbers to anyone on the Internet."
- Greg Taylor and George Cox, "Behind Intel's New Random-Number Generator," IEEE Spectrum, September 2011.
- Hardware random number generator—Wikipedia.org.
- Comparison of hardware random number generators—Wikipedia.org.
