Repunit numbers

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A (base 10) repunit is a number like 1, 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only (zero or more times) the digit 1 (in its base 10 representation). The term stands for repeated unit and was coined in 1966 by Albert H. Beiler.

Repunit numbers (in base 10) are numbers of the form

$R_n := \frac{10^{n} - 1}{10-1} = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (10-1) \, 10^i,\quad n \ge 0, \,$

where $\scriptstyle R_{0} \,$ is the 0^th repunit, taken as the empty sum (defined as the additive identity, i.e. 0), and thus represented by a string of zero 1s (the empty string) which is more conveniently written as 0 (the only case where a leading zero is shown).

A002275 Repunits: $(10 n - 1) / 9$ . Often denoted by $R n$ .

{0, 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11111, 111111, 1111111, 11111111, 111111111, 1111111111, 11111111111, 111111111111, 1111111111111, 11111111111111, 111111111111111, 1111111111111111, ...}

A (base 10) repunit prime is a (base 10) repunit that is also a prime number. A necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a repunit (in any base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) to be prime is to have a prime number of 1s, otherwise you can interpret the repunit as if it is in base 1 (tally marks), factorize it, then reinterpret the base 1 (tally marks) factors in base $\scriptstyle b \,$ !

Generalized repunit numbers

A (base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) generalized repunit is a number like 1, 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only (zero or more times) the digit 1 (in its base $\scriptstyle b \,$ representation).

Generalized repunit numbers (in base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) are numbers of the form

$R^{(b)}_n := \frac{b^{n} - 1}{b-1} = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (b-1) \, b^i,\quad b \ge 2,\, n \ge 0, \,$

where $\scriptstyle R^{(b)}_{0} \,$ is the 0^th generalized repunit (base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ), taken as the empty sum (defined as the additive identity, i.e. 0), and thus represented by a string of zero 1s (the empty string) which is more conveniently written as 0 (the only case where a leading zero is shown).

A generalized repunit prime is a generalized repunit that is also a prime number. A necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a repunit (in any base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) to be prime is to have a prime number of 1s, otherwise you can interpret the repunit as if it is in base 1 (tally marks), factorize it, then reinterpret the base 1 (tally marks) factors in base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ! The base 2 repunit primes are the Mersenne primes.

**Generalized repunit numbers (base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) converted to base 10**
$b \,$	Generalized repunit numbers (base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ) sequences	A-number
2	{0, 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, 511, 1023, 2047, 4095, 8191, 16383, 32767, 65535, 131071, 262143, 524287, 1048575, 2097151, 4194303, 8388607, 16777215, 33554431, 67108863, ...}	A000225
3	{0, 1, 4, 13, 40, 121, 364, 1093, 3280, 9841, 29524, 88573, 265720, 797161, 2391484, 7174453, 21523360, 64570081, 193710244, 581130733, 1743392200, 5230176601, 15690529804, ...}	A003462
4	{0, 1, 5, 21, 85, 341, 1365, 5461, 21845, 87381, 349525, 1398101, 5592405, 22369621, 89478485, 357913941, 1431655765, 5726623061, 22906492245, 91625968981, 366503875925, ...}	A002450
5	{0, 1, 6, 31, 156, 781, 3906, 19531, 97656, 488281, 2441406, 12207031, 61035156, 305175781, 1525878906, 7629394531, 38146972656, 190734863281, 953674316406, 4768371582031, ...}	A003463
6	{0, 1, 7, 43, 259, 1555, 9331, 55987, 335923, 2015539, 12093235, 72559411, 435356467, 2612138803, 15672832819, 94036996915, 564221981491, 3385331888947, 20311991333683, ...}	A003464
7	{0, 1, 8, 57, 400, 2801, 19608, 137257, 960800, 6725601, 47079208, 329554457, 2306881200, 16148168401, 113037178808, 791260251657, 5538821761600, 38771752331201, ...}	A023000
8	{0, 1, 9, 73, 585, 4681, 37449, 299593, 2396745, 19173961, 153391689, 1227133513, 9817068105, 78536544841, 628292358729, 5026338869833, 40210710958665, 321685687669321, ...}	A023001
9	{0, 1, 10, 91, 820, 7381, 66430, 597871, 5380840, 48427561, 435848050, 3922632451, 35303692060, 317733228541, 2859599056870, 25736391511831, 231627523606480, ...}	A002452
10	{0, 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11111, 111111, 1111111, 11111111, 111111111, 1111111111, 11111111111, 111111111111, 1111111111111, 11111111111111, 111111111111111, 1111111111111111, ...}	A002275
11	{0, 1, 12, 133, 1464, 16105, 177156, 1948717, 21435888, 235794769, 2593742460, 28531167061, 313842837672, 3452271214393, 37974983358324, 417724816941565, ...}	A016123 $\scriptstyle (n+1) \,$
12	{0, 1, 13, 157, 1885, 22621, 271453, 3257437, 39089245, 469070941, 5628851293, 67546215517, 810554586205, 9726655034461, 116719860413533, 1400638324962397, ...}	A016125 $\scriptstyle (n+1) \,$
13	{0, 1, 14, 183, 2380, 30941, 402234, 5229043, 67977560, 883708281, 11488207654, 149346699503, 1941507093540, 25239592216021, 328114698808274, 4265491084507563, ...}	A091030
14	{0, 1, 15, 211, 2955, 41371, 579195, 8108731, 113522235, 1589311291, 22250358075, 311505013051, 4361070182715, 61054982558011, 854769755812155, 11966776581370171, ...}	A135519
15	{0, 1, 16, 241, 3616, 54241, 813616, 12204241, 183063616, 2745954241, 41189313616, 617839704241, 9267595563616, 139013933454241, 2085209001813616, 31278135027204241, ...}	A135518
16	{0, 1, 17, 273, 4369, 69905, 1118481, 17895697, 286331153, 4581298449, 73300775185, 1172812402961, 18764998447377, 300239975158033, 4803839602528529, 76861433640456465, ...}	A131865 $\scriptstyle (n+1) \,$
17	{0, 1, 18, 307, 5220, 88741, 1508598, 25646167, 435984840, 7411742281, 125999618778, 2141993519227, 36413889826860, 619036127056621, 10523614159962558, ...}	A091045
18	{0, 1, 19, 343, 6175, 111151, 2000719, 36012943, 648232975, 11668193551, 210027483919, 3780494710543, 68048904789775, 1224880286215951, 22047845151887119, ...}	A??????
19	{0, 1, 20, 381, 7240, 137561, 2613660, 49659541, 943531280, 17927094321, 340614792100, 6471681049901, 122961939948120, 2336276859014281, 44389260321271340, ...}	A??????
20	{0, 1, 21, 421, 8421, 168421, 3368421, 67368421, 1347368421, 26947368421, 538947368421, 10778947368421, 215578947368421, 4311578947368421, 86231578947368421, ...}	A064108
21	{0, 1, 22, 463, 9724, 204205, 4288306, 90054427, 1891142968, 39714002329, 833994048910, 17513875027111, 367791375569332, 7723618886955973, 162195996626075434, ...}	A??????
22	{0, 1, 23, 507, 11155, 245411, 5399043, 118778947, 2613136835, 57489010371, 1264758228163, 27824681019587, 612142982430915, 13467145613480131, ...}	A??????
23	{0, 1, 24, 553, 12720, 292561, 6728904, 154764793, 3559590240, 81870575521, 1883023236984, 43309534450633, 996119292364560, 22910743724384881, ...}	A??????
24	{0, 1, 25, 601, 14425, 346201, 8308825, 199411801, 4785883225, 114861197401, 2756668737625, 66160049703001, 1587841192872025, 38108188628928601, ...}	A??????
25	{0, 1, 26, 651, 16276, 406901, 10172526, 254313151, 6357828776, 158945719401, 3973642985026, 99341074625651, 2483526865641276, 62088171641031901, ...}	A??????
26	{0, 1, 27, 703, 18279, 475255, 12356631, 321272407, 8353082583, 217180147159, 5646683826135, 146813779479511, 3817158266467287, 99246114928149463, ...}	A??????
27	{0, 1, 28, 757, 20440, 551881, 14900788, 402321277, 10862674480, 293292210961, 7918889695948, 213810021790597, 5772870588346120, 155867505885345241, ...}	A??????
28	{0, 1, 29, 813, 22765, 637421, 17847789, 499738093, 13992666605, 391794664941, 10970250618349, 307167017313773, 8600676484785645, 240818941573998061, ...}	A??????
29	{0, 1, 30, 871, 25260, 732541, 21243690, 616067011, 17865943320, 518112356281, 15025258332150, 435732491632351, 12636242257338180, 366451025462807221, ...}	A??????
30	{0, 1, 31, 931, 27931, 837931, 25137931, 754137931, 22624137931, 678724137931, 20361724137931, 610851724137931, 18325551724137931, 549766551724137931, ...}	A??????

Recurrence

$R^{(b)}_{n} = (b+1) R^{(b)}_{n-1} - b R^{(b)}_{n-2},\quad R^{(b)}_{0} = 0,\, R^{(b)}_{1} = 1, \,$

where $\scriptstyle R^{(b)}_{0} \,$ is the 0^th generalized repunit (base $\scriptstyle b \,$ ), taken as the empty sum (defined as the additive identity, i.e. 0), and thus represented by a string of zero 1s (the empty string) which is more conveniently written as 0 (the only case where a leading zero is shown).

Generating function

The o.g.f. for $\scriptstyle R^{(b)}_n \,$ is

$G_{\{ R^{(b)}_n \}}(x) \equiv \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} R^{(b)}_n x^n = \frac{x}{(1-b x)(1-x)}. \,$

Sequences

A053696 Numbers which can be represented as a string of three or more 1's in a base ≥ 2.

{7, 13, 15, 21, 31, 40, 43, 57, 63, 73, 85, 91, 111, 121, 127, 133, 156, 157, 183, 211, 241, 255, 259, 273, 307, 341, 343, 364, 381, 400, 421, 463, 507, 511, 553, 585, 601, 651, 703, 757, 781, 813, 820, 871, ...}

Repunit numbers

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Contents

Generalized repunit numbers

Recurrence

Generating function

Sequences

See also

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