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A018804
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Pillai's arithmetical function: Sum_{k=1..n} gcd(k, n).
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143
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1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 15, 13, 20, 21, 27, 21, 40, 25, 39, 45, 48, 33, 63, 37, 72, 65, 63, 45, 100, 65, 75, 81, 104, 57, 135, 61, 112, 105, 99, 117, 168, 73, 111, 125, 180, 81, 195, 85, 168, 189, 135, 93, 240, 133, 195, 165, 200, 105, 243, 189, 260, 185, 171, 117, 360
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OFFSET
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1,2
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COMMENTS
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a(n) is the number of times the number 1 appears in the character table of the cyclic group C_n. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Jun 02 2001
a(n) is the number of ways to express all fractions f/g whereby each product (f/g)*n is a natural number between 1 and n (using fractions of the form f/g with 1 <= f,g <= n). For example, for n=4 there are 8 such fractions: 1/1, 1/2, 2/2, 3/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4. - Ron Lalonde (ronronronlalonde(AT)hotmail.com), Oct 03 2002
Number of non-congruent solutions to xy == 0 (mod n). - Yuval Dekel (dekelyuval(AT)hotmail.com), Oct 06 2003
a(n) is the number of 0's in the multiplication table Z/nZ (cf. A000010 for number of 1's). - Eric Desbiaux, Jun 11 2015
{a(n)} == 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, ... (mod 4). - Isaac Saffold, Dec 30 2017
Since a(p^e) = p^(e-1)*((p-1)e+p) it follows a(p) = 2p-1 and therefore p divides a(p)+1. - Ruediger Jehn, Jun 23 2022
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REFERENCES
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S. S. Pillai, On an arithmetic function, J. Annamalai University 2 (1933), pp. 243-248.
J. Sándor, A generalized Pillai function, Octogon Mathematical Magazine Vol. 9, No. 2 (2001), 746-748.
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LINKS
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Kevin A. Broughan, The gcd-sum function, Journal of Integer Sequences 4 (2001), Article 01.2.2, 19 pp.
Soichi Ikeda and Kaneaki Matsuoka, On the Lcm-Sum Function, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 (2014), Article 14.1.7.
Jeffrey Shallit, Problem E 2821, American Mathematical Monthly 87 (1980), 220.
Jeffrey Shallit, Solution, American Mathematical Monthly, 88 (1981), 444-445.
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FORMULA
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a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d*phi(n/d), where phi(n) is Euler totient function (cf. A000010). - Vladeta Jovovic, Apr 04 2001
Multiplicative; for prime p, a(p^e) = p^(e-1)*((p-1)e+p).
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s-1)^2/zeta(s).
Equals inverse Mobius transform of A029935 = A054525 * (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 8, 12, 12, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 02 2008, corrected Feb 07 2023
G.f.: Sum_{k>=1} phi(k)*x^k/(1 - x^k)^2, where phi(k) is the Euler totient function. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 02 2017
a(n) = Sum_{a = 1..n} Sum_{b = 1..n} Sum_{c = 1..n} 1, for n > 1. The sum is over a,b,c such that n*c - a*b = 0. - Benedict W. J. Irwin, Apr 04 2017
Proof: Let gcd(a, n) = g and x = n/g. Define B = {x, 2*x, ..., g*x}; then for all b in B there exists a number c such that a*b = n*c. Since the set B has g elements it follows that Sum_{b=1..n} Sum_{c=1..n} 1 >= g = gcd(a, n) and therefore Sum_{a=1..n} Sum_{b=1..n} Sum_{c=1..n} 1 >= Sum_{a=1..n} gcd(a, n). On the other hand, for all b not in B there is no number c <= n such that a*b = n*c and hence Sum_{b = 1..n} Sum_{c = 1..n} 1 = g. Therefore Sum_{a=1..n} Sum_{b = 1..n} Sum_{c = 1..n} 1 = a(n). - Ruediger Jehn, Jun 23 2022
Proof: Let m = A007814(m) and decompose n into n = k*2^m. We know from Chai Wah Wu's program below that a(n) = Product(p_i^(e_i-1)*((p_i-1)*e_i+p_i)) where the numbers p_i are the prime factors of n and e_i are the corresponding exponents. Hence a(2n) = 2^m*(m+3)*a(k) = 2^m*(m+3)*a(k). On the other hand, a(n) = 2^(m-1)*(m+2)*a(k). Dividing the first equation by the second yields a(2n)/a(n) = 2*(m+3)/(m+2), which equals 3 - m/(m+2). Hence a(2n) = a(n)*(3 - m/(m+2)). - Ruediger Jehn, Jun 23 2022
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ 3*n^2/Pi^2 * (log(n) - 1/2 + 2*gamma - 6*Zeta'(2)/Pi^2), where gamma is the Euler-Mascheroni constant A001620. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 08 2019
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} n/gcd(n,k)*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). - Richard L. Ollerton, May 10 2021
log(a(n)/n) << log n log log log n/log log n; in particular, a(n) << n^(1+e) for any e > 0. See Broughan link for bounds in terms of omega(n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 08 2022
a(n) = (1/4)*Sum_{k = 1..4*n} (-1)^k * gcd(k, 4*n) = (1/4) * A344372(2*n). - Peter Bala, Jan 01 2024
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EXAMPLE
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G.f. = x + 3*x^2 + 5*x^3 + 8*x^4 + 9*x^5 + 15*x^6 + 13*x^7 + 20*x^8 + ...
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MAPLE
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a:=n->sum(igcd(n, j), j=1..n): seq(a(n), n=1..60); # Zerinvary Lajos, Nov 05 2006
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MATHEMATICA
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f[n_] := Block[{d = Divisors[n]}, Sum[ d*EulerPhi[n/d], {d, d}]]; Table[f[n], {n, 60}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Mar 20 2012 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 1, 0, n Sum[ EulerPhi[d] / d, {d, Divisors@n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jan 07 2017 *)
f[p_, e_] := (e*(p - 1)/p + 1)*p^e; a[n_] := Times @@ (f @@@ FactorInteger[n]); Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Jul 19 2019 *)
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PROG
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(PARI) {a(n) = direuler(p=2, n, (1 - X) / (1 - p*X)^2)[n]}; /* Michael Somos, May 31 2000 */
(PARI) a(n)={ my(ct=0); for(i=0, n-1, for(j=0, n-1, ct+=(Mod(i*j, n)==0) ) ); ct; } \\ Joerg Arndt, Aug 03 2013
(PARI) a(n)=my(f=factor(n)); prod(i=1, #f~, (f[i, 2]*(f[i, 1]-1)/f[i, 1] + 1)*f[i, 1]^f[i, 2]) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Oct 28 2014
(PARI) a(n) = sumdiv(n, d, n*eulerphi(d)/d); \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 07 2017
(Haskell)
(Python)
from sympy.ntheory import totient, divisors
print([sum(n*totient(d)//d for d in divisors(n)) for n in range(1, 101)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Apr 04 2017
(Python)
from sympy import factorint
from math import prod
def A018804(n): return prod(p**(e-1)*((p-1)*e+p) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 29 2021
(Magma) [&+[Gcd(n, k):k in [1..n]]:n in [1..60]]; // Marius A. Burtea, Nov 14 2019
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A080997, A080998 for rankings of the positive integers in terms of centrality, defined to be the average fraction of an integer that it shares with the other integers as a gcd, or A018804(n)/n^2, also A080999, a permutation of this sequence (A080999(n) = A018804(A080997(n))).
Cf. A185210, A010766, A054523, A127468, A050873, A078430, A095026, A227507, A000010, A344372, A272718 (partial sums), A368736 - A368741.
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KEYWORD
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nonn,mult
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AUTHOR
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STATUS
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approved
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