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A340488
a(n+1) = XOR(a(n),y) for n>=1, where y is the number of m < n such that a(m) = a(n); a(1)=0.
13
0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 4, 7, 5, 7, 4, 0, 5, 6, 5, 1, 2, 1, 5, 0, 6, 2, 6, 3, 7, 3, 6, 0, 7, 2, 7, 1, 4, 1, 7, 0, 8, 8, 9, 9, 8, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 8, 11, 9, 11, 8, 12, 12, 13, 13, 12, 14, 14
OFFSET
1,6
COMMENTS
It appears that the graph of the first n terms is similar to the graph of the first n/4 terms for sufficiently large values (n > 100).
It appears that among the first 4^n terms, each integer value less than 2^n appears at least (3/4)*2^n times. This would imply that every positive integer appears an infinite number of times.
Yet another variant of the Van Eck sequence A181391. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 10 2021
It follows from the definition that when m appears for the first time, it is immediately followed by m, and then if m is even by m+1. A340494 gives a conjectured generating function for when a number appears for the first time. - Rémy Sigrist and N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 10 2021
Conjectures from Rémy Sigrist, Jan 10 2021 (Start)
It appears that the positions of the 0's are given by A336190, and the "y" sequence appears to be A336033.
For a fixed k > 0, let b(n) be the position of the k-th occurrence of n in A340488, Then the sequence { b(n) - A340494(n) } has period 2^m for some m,
- for k = 2 we have period ( 1 ) (the second occurrence appear next to the first).
- for k = 3 we have period ( 4, 10, 4, 4 ),
- for k = 4 we have period (10, 32, 30, 6, 10, 14, 12, 6). (End)
Theorem: Every number appears.
Proof. (i) If there were only finitely many different numbers in the sequence then one number k (say) would appear infinitely often. As the number of k's reaches the next power of 2, 2^m say, we get a term >= 2^m. So the sequence is unbounded. Contradiction. So there are infinitely many different terms.
(ii) To show that every number appears, consider a k-bit number n, n < 2^k. Let a(m) be the first term >= 2^k, where a(m) = a(m-1) XOR y, with a(m-1) < 2^k and y >= 2^k. Let a(m-1) = t. Since this is at least the 2^k-th copy of t, the sequence contains t XOR 0, t XOR 1, t XOR 2, ..., t XOR 2^k-1, and so contains every number from 0 to 2^k-1, and in particular contains n. QED
- Rémy Sigrist and N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 11 2021
Conjecture: Let pi_i(n) denote the number of occurrences of i in the first n terms. Then pi_0(n) >= pi_i(n) for all i, and the first time pi_0(n) = m, pi_i(n) < m for i>0. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 13 2021
LINKS
EXAMPLE
We start with a(1) = 0. 0 has not appeared before, so we set a(2) to bitxor(0,0), or 0. There has now been one previous appearance of 0, so we set a(3) to bitxor(0,1), or 1. There has been no previous appearance of 1, so we set a(4) to 1. There has now been one previous appearance of 1, so we set a(5) to bitxor(1,1), or 0.
MAPLE
b:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<1, 0, b(n-1)+x^a(n)) end:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n=1, 0, (t->
Bits[Xor](t, coeff(b(n-2), x, t)))(a(n-1)))
end:
seq(a(n), n=1..100); # Alois P. Heinz, Apr 14 2021
MATHEMATICA
b[n_] := b[n] = If[n < 1, 0, b[n-1] + x^a[n]];
a[n_] := a[n] = If[n == 1, 0, With[{t = a[n-1]},
BitXor[t, Coefficient[b[n - 2], x, t]]]];
Array[a, 100] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 27 2021, after Alois P. Heinz *)
PROG
(Python)
a340488 = [0]
repeat = [0] # Running tally for occurrences of each value
for n in range(3414):
if(a340488[-1] >= len(repeat)):
repeat.append(0)
newValue = (a340488[-1] ^ repeat[a340488[-1]])
repeat[a340488[-1]] += 1
a340488.append(newValue)
(PARI) See Links section.
CROSSREFS
Cf. A181391 (Van Eck), A340496 (partial sums), A340499 (first differences), A340500 (running maximum).
See A340494, A340495 for when n first appears.
Cf. also A336033, A336190.
Sequence in context: A327236 A191860 A109973 * A339456 A220517 A369053
KEYWORD
nonn,nice,look
AUTHOR
Ian Hutchinson, Jan 09 2021
STATUS
approved