OFFSET
1,1
COMMENTS
This sequence answers the following question: what numbers correspond to the number of permutations of a number of items that is lower than the number of permutations itself? It means that the underlying structure has some form of redundance / symmetry.
It can be shown that:
- no prime number is part of this sequence (see A304938)
- some nonprimes are not part of the sequence (beginning with 1, 4, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, ...)
- any number that is a factorial of another integer e is part of this sequence (k=e, k1=ki=...=ke=1).
This sequence is a generalization of A006987.
From David A. Corneth, May 28 2018: (Start)
Also the numbers that are the number of permutations of either:
- sets of balls with two distinct colors of balls where each color occurs at least twice;
- sets of balls with at least three distinct colors of balls.
(End)
From Amiram Eldar, Jul 23 2020: (Start)
The asymptotic density of this sequence is 0 (Niven, 1951).
The number of terms not exceeding x is (1 + sqrt(2)) * x^(1/2) + o(x^(1/2)) (Erdős, 1954). (End)
LINKS
David A. Corneth, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Vincent Champain, Calculation of the terms of the sequence including a k1..km list so that a(n) = k!/(k1!*...*km!) with k1+...+km = k and m > 1, 2018.
Vincent Champain, Python program for A305188
David A. Corneth, Terms with the corresponding tuples.
Paul Erdős, The Number of Multinomial Coefficients, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 61, No. 1 (1954), pp. 37-39.
Ivan Niven, The asymptotic density of sequences, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Vol. 57 (1951), pp. 420-434. See theorem 2, p. 428.
EXAMPLE
a(1) = 6 because all numbers lower than 6 are either prime or a power of primes.
105 is a term of the sequence because 105 is equal to a multinomial coefficient: 105 = (4+2+1)! / (4! * 2! * 1!) and 105 is the number of ways 7 balls can be sorted where 4 are red, 2 are yellow and one is blue.
2016 is a term because 64! / (62! * 2!) = 2016. - David A. Corneth, May 29 2018
MATHEMATICA
mult[w_] := Total[w]!/Times @@ (w!); L = {}; Do[ t = mult /@ Select[ IntegerPartitions@ n, #[[1]] < n-1 &]; L = Union[L, Select[t, # <= 400 &]], {n, 3, 30}]; L (* Terms < 400, Giovanni Resta, May 27 2018 *)
PROG
(Python) # see link above
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn
AUTHOR
Vincent Champain, May 27 2018
EXTENSIONS
a(28)-a(57) from Giovanni Resta, May 27 2018
STATUS
approved