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A278986
Array read by antidiagonals downwards: T(b,n) = number of words of length n over an alphabet of size b that are in standard order and which have the property that at least one letter is repeated.
1
0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 4, 1, 0, 1, 8, 4, 1, 0, 1, 16, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 32, 41, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 64, 122, 51, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 128, 365, 187, 51, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 256, 1094, 715, 202, 51, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 512, 3281, 2795, 855, 202, 51, 14, 4, 1, 0, 1, 1024, 9842, 11051, 3845, 876, 202, 51, 14, 4, 1
OFFSET
1,8
COMMENTS
We study words made of letters from an alphabet of size b, where b >= 1. We assume the letters are labeled {1,2,3,...,b}. There are b^n possible words of length n.
We say that a word is in "standard order" if it has the property that whenever a letter i appears, the letter i-1 has already appeared in the word. This implies that all words begin with the letter 1.
FORMULA
The number of words of length n over an alphabet of size b that are in standard order and in which at least one symbol is repeated is Sum_{j = 1..b} Stirling2(n,j), except we must subtract 1 if and only if n <= b.
So this array is obtained from the array in A278984 by subtracting 1 from the first b entries in row b, for b = 1,2,3,...
EXAMPLE
The array begins:
0,.1,..1,...1,...1,...1,...1,....1..; b=1,
0,.1,..4,...8,..16,..32,..64,..128..; b=2,
0,.1,..4,..14,..41,.122,.365,.1094..; b=3,
0,.1,..4,..14,..51,.187,.715,.2795..; b=4,
0,.1,..4,..14,..51,.202,.855,.3845..; b=5,
0,.1,..4,..14,..51,.202,.876,.4111..; b=6,
...
MAPLE
with(combinat);
f2:=proc(L, b) local t1; i;
t1:=add(stirling2(L, i), i=1..b); if L <= b then t1:=t1-1; fi; t1; end;
Q2:=b->[seq(f2(L, b), L=1..20)];
for b from 1 to 6 do lprint(Q2(b)); od:
CROSSREFS
See A278984 for a closely related array.
The words for b=3 are listed in A278985, except that the words 1, 12, and 123 must be omitted from that list.
The words for b=9 are listed in A273977.
Sequence in context: A332055 A073027 A370073 * A292159 A099793 A273895
KEYWORD
nonn,tabl
AUTHOR
Joerg Arndt and N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 05 2016
STATUS
approved