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A197653
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Triangle by rows T(n,k), showing the number of meanders with length (n+1)*4 and containing (k+1)*4 Ls and (n-k)*4 Rs, where Ls and Rs denote arcs of equal length and a central angle of 90 degrees which are positively or negatively oriented.
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8
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1, 4, 1, 15, 30, 1, 40, 324, 120, 1, 85, 2080, 3120, 340, 1, 156, 9375, 40000, 18750, 780, 1, 259, 32886, 328125, 437500, 82215, 1554, 1, 400, 96040, 1959216, 6002500, 3265360, 288120, 2800, 1
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OFFSET
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0,2
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COMMENTS
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Definition of a meander:
A binary curve C is a triple (m, S, dir) such that
(a) S is a list with values in {L,R} which starts with an L,
(b) dir is a list of m different values, each value of S being allocated a value of dir,
(c) consecutive Ls increment the index of dir,
(d) consecutive Rs decrement the index of dir,
(e) the integer m>0 divides the length of S and
(f) C is a meander if each value of dir occurs length(S)/m times.
For this sequence, m = 4.
The values in the triangle are proved by brute force for 0 <= n <= 8. The formulas are not yet proved in general.
The number triangle can be calculated recursively by the number triangles A007318, A103371 and A194595. The first column of the triangle seems to be A053698. The diagonal right hand is A000012. The diagonal with k = n-1 seems to be A027445. Row sums are in A198256.
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LINKS
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Table of n, a(n) for n=0..35.
Peter Luschny, Meanders and walks on the circle.
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FORMULA
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recursive formula:
T(n,k) = T(4,n,k)
T(4,n,k) = T(1,n,k)^4 + T(1,n,k)*T(3,n,n-1-k), 0 <= k < n
T(4,n,n) = 1 k = n
T(3,n,k) = T(1,n,k)^3 + T(1,n,k)*T(2,n,n-1-k), 0 <= k < n
T(3,n,n) = 1 k = n
T(2,n,k) = T(1,n,k)^2 + T(1,n,k)*T(1,n,n-1-k), 0 <= k < n
T(2,n,n) = 1 k = n
T(3,n,k) = A194595
T(2,n,k) = A103371
T(1,n,k) = A007318 (Pascal's Triangle)
closed formula: T(n,n) = 1, k = n
T(n,k) = A + B + C + D, k < n
A = (C(n,k))^4
B = (C(n,k))^3 * C(n,n-1-k)
C = (C(n,k))^2 *(C(n,n-1-k))^2
D = C(n,k) *(C(n,n-1-k))^3
[Susanne Wienand]
Let S(n,k) = binomial(2*n,n)^(k+1)*((n+1)^(k+1)-n^(k+1))/(n+1)^k. Then T(2*n,n) = S(n,3). - Peter Luschny, Oct 20 2011
T(n,k) = A198063(n+1,k+1)C(n,k)^4/(k+1)^3. - Peter Luschny, Oct 29 2011
T(n,k) = h(n,k)*binomial(n,k)^4, where h(n,k) = (1+k)*(1-((n-k)/(1+k))^4)/(1+2*k-n) if 1+2*k-n <> 0 else h(n,k) = 4. - Peter Luschny, Nov 24 2011
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EXAMPLE
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For n = 4 and k = 2, T(4,4,2) = 3120
recursive example:
T(1,4,0) = 1
T(1,4,1) = 4
T(1,4,2) = 6
T(1,4,3) = 4
T(1,4,4) = 1
T(3,4,0) = 21
T(3,4,1) = 304
T(3,4,2) = 456
T(3,4,3) = 84
T(3,4,1) = 1
T(4,4,2) = 6^4 + 6*304 = 3120
example for closed formula:
T(4,2) = 6^4 + 6^3 * 4 + 6^2 * 4^2 + 6 * 4^3 = 3120
Some examples of list S and allocated values of dir if n = 4 and k = 2:
Length(S) = (4+1)*4 = 20 and S contains (2+1)*4 = 12 Ls.
S: L,L,L,L,L,L,L,L,L,L,L,L,R,R,R,R,R,R,R,R
dir: 1,2,3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2,3,0,0,3,2,1,0,3,2,1
S: L,L,L,R,L,L,R,L,L,R,R,L,L,L,R,L,L,R,R,R
dir: 1,2,3,3,3,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,2,2,2,3,3,2,1
S: L,R,L,L,L,L,R,R,R,L,L,R,R,L,L,L,R,L,L,R
dir: 1,1,1,2,3,0,0,3,2,2,3,3,2,2,3,0,0,0,1,1
Each value of dir occurs 20/4 = 5 times.
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MAPLE
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A197653 := (n, k) -> binomial(n, k)^4*(n+1)*(n^2-2*n*k+1+2*k+2*k^2)/((1+k)^3);
seq(print(seq(A197653(n, k), k=0..n)), n=0..7); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2011
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PROG
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(C#) static int[] A197653_row(int r) { return GenBinomial(r, 4); } // The function GenBinomial(r, s) is defined in A194595.
(SAGE)
def S(N, n, k) : return binomial(n, k)^(N+1)*sum(sum((-1)^(N-j+i)*binomial(N-i, j)*((n+1)/(k+1))^j for i in (0..N) for j in (0..N)))
def A197653(n, k) : return S(3, n, k)
for n in (0..5) : print [A197653(n, k) for k in (0..n)] ## Peter Luschny, Oct 24 2011
(PARI)
A197653(n, k) = {if(n==1+2*k, 4, (1+k)*(1-((n-k)/(1+k))^4)/(1+2*k-n))*binomial(n, k)^4} \\ Peter Luschny, Nov 24 2011
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CROSSREFS
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Cf. A103371, A194595, A197654, A197655.
Sequence in context: A207823 A056920 A123382 * A146160 A059222 A117292
Adjacent sequences: A197650 A197651 A197652 * A197654 A197655 A197656
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KEYWORD
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nonn,tabl
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AUTHOR
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Susanne Wienand, Oct 17 2011
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STATUS
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approved
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