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Sum of escape distances of all vertices in the rooted tree having Matula-Goebel number n.
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%I #19 Jun 25 2024 02:12:05

%S 0,1,3,1,6,2,3,1,4,4,10,2,4,2,6,1,6,3,3,4,4,7,7,2,9,3,5,2,6,5,15,1,9,

%T 4,6,3,4,2,5,4,7,3,4,7,7,5,9,2,4,7,6,3,3,4,12,2,4,5,10,5,5,11,5,1,7,8,

%U 6,4,7,5,6,3,7,3,9,2,9,4,9,4,6,5,11,3,9,3,7,7,4,6,5,5,13,7,6,2,13,3,10,7,5,5,8,3,7,2,4,4,9,10

%N Sum of escape distances of all vertices in the rooted tree having Matula-Goebel number n.

%C The escape distance of a vertex v in a rooted tree T is the distance from v to the nearest leaf of T that is a descendant of v. For the rooted tree ARBCDEF, rooted at R, the escape distance of B is 4 (the leaf A is not a descendant of B).

%C The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree can be defined in the following recursive manner: to the one-vertex tree there corresponds the number 1; to a tree T with root degree 1 there corresponds the t-th prime number, where t is the Matula-Goebel number of the tree obtained from T by deleting the edge emanating from the root; to a tree T with root degree m>=2 there corresponds the product of the Matula-Goebel numbers of the m branches of T.

%D F. Goebel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.

%D I. Gutman and A. Ivic, On Matula numbers, Discrete Math., 150, 1996, 131-142.

%D I. Gutman and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Deducing properties of trees from their Matula numbers, Publ. Inst. Math., 53 (67), 1993, 17-22.

%D D. W. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Review, 10, 1968, 273.

%H Emeric Deutsch, <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1111.4288">Tree statistics from Matula numbers</a>, arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4288 [math.CO], 2011.

%H <a href="/index/Mat#matula">Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers</a>

%F In A184167 one can find the generating polynomial P(n)=P(n,x) of the vertices of the rooted tree having Matula-Goebel number n, according to escape distance. a(n) is equal to dP/dx, evaluated at x=1.

%e a(7)=3 because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 7 is the rooted tree Y, having 4 vertices with escape distances 0,0,1, and 2.

%p with(numtheory): P := proc (n) local r, s, LLL: r := proc (n) options operator, arrow: op(1, factorset(n)) end proc: s := proc (n) options operator, arrow: n/r(n) end proc: LLL := proc (n) if n = 1 then 0 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then 1+LLL(pi(n)) else min(LLL(r(n)), LLL(s(n))) end if end proc: if n = 1 then 1 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then P(pi(n))+x^(1+LLL(pi(n))) else P(r(n))+P(s(n))-x^max(LLL(r(n)), LLL(s(n))) end if end proc: a := proc (n) options operator, arrow: subs(x = 1, diff(P(n), x)) end proc: seq(a(n), n = 1 .. 110);

%t r[n_] := FactorInteger[n][[1, 1]];

%t s[n_] := n/r[n];

%t LLL[n_] := Which[n == 1, 0, PrimeOmega[n] == 1, 1 + LLL[PrimePi[n]] , True, Min[LLL[r[n]], LLL[s[n]]]];

%t P[n_] := Which[n == 1, 1, PrimeOmega[n] == 1, P[PrimePi[n]] + x^(1 + LLL[PrimePi[n]]), True, P[r[n]] + P[s[n]] - x^Max[LLL[r[n]], LLL[s[n]]]];

%t a[n_] := D[P[n], x] /. x -> 1;

%t Table[a[n], {n, 1, 110}] (* _Jean-François Alcover_, Jun 25 2024, after Maple code *)

%Y Cf. A184167.

%K nonn

%O 1,3

%A _Emeric Deutsch_, Oct 23 2011