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A171155
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For two strings of length n, this is the number of pairwise alignments that do not have an insertion adjacent to a deletion.
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7
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1, 1, 3, 9, 27, 83, 259, 817, 2599, 8323, 26797, 86659, 281287, 915907, 2990383, 9786369, 32092959, 105435607, 346950321, 1143342603, 3772698725, 12463525229, 41218894577, 136451431723, 452116980643, 1499282161375, 4975631425581, 16524213199923, 54913514061867
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OFFSET
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0,3
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COMMENTS
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This is the number of walks from (0,0) to (n,n) where unit horizontal (+1,0), vertical (0,+1), and diagonal (+1,+1) steps are permitted but a horizontal step cannot be followed by a vertical step, nor vice versa.
a(n) is also the number of walks from (0,0) to (n,n) with steps that increment one or two coordinates and having the property that no two consecutive steps are orthogonal. - Lee A. Newberg, Dec 04 2009
a(n) is also the number of standard sequence alignments of two strings of length n, counting only those alignments with the property that, for every pair of consecutive alignment columns, there is at least one sequence that contributes a non-gap to both columns. That is, a(n) counts only those standard alignments with a column order that can be unambiguously reconstructed from the knowledge of all pairings, where a pairing is, e.g., that some i-th position of the first string is in the same column as some j-th position of the second string. - Lee A. Newberg, Dec 11 2009
The number of walls of height one in all bargraphs of semiperimeter n>=2. A wall is a maximal sequence of adjacent up steps. - Arnold Knopfmacher, Nov 04 2016
Main diagonal of Table 2 in Covington. - Peter Bala, Jan 27 2018
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LINKS
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FORMULA
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a(n) = ((4*n-3)*a(n-1)-(2*n-5)*a(n-2)+a(n-3)-(n-3)*a(n-4))/n. - Alois P. Heinz, Jan 22 2013
G.f.: Sum_{n>=0} (2*n)!/n!^2 * x^(2*n) / (1-2*x)^(3*n+1). - Paul D. Hanna, Sep 21 2013
G.f.: Sum_{n>=0} x^n/(1-x)^n * Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k)^2 * x^k. - Paul D. Hanna, Nov 08 2014
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EXAMPLE
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For n = 3, the 9 alignments are:
ABC A-BC ABC- -ABC -ABC --ABC ABC- AB-C ABC--
DEF DEF- D-EF DEF- DE-F DEF-- -DEF -DEF --DEF
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MAPLE
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a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<4, [1, 1, 3, 9][n+1],
((4*n-3)*a(n-1) -(2*n-5)*a(n-2) +a(n-3) -(n-3)*a(n-4))/n)
end:
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MATHEMATICA
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CoefficientList[Series[Sqrt[(1 - x) / (1 - 3 x - x^2 - x^3)], {x, 0, 40}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 09 2014 *)
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PROG
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(PARI) x='x+O('x^66); Vec(sqrt((1-x)/(1-3*x-x^2-x^3))) \\ Joerg Arndt, May 11 2013
(PARI) {a(n)=polcoeff(sum(m=0, n, (2*m)!/m!^2 * x^(2*m) / (1-x+x*O(x^n))^(3*m+1)), n)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Sep 21 2013
(PARI) {a(n)=polcoeff( sum(m=0, n, x^m * sum(k=0, m, binomial(m, k)^2 * x^k) / (1-x +x*O(x^n))^m) , n)}
(PARI) a(n)=sum(k=0, n, sum(i=0, k, binomial(n-k, i)^2*binomial(n-i, k-i)))-sum(k=0, n-1, sum(i=0, k, binomial(n-k-1, i)^2*binomial(n-i-1, k-i))) \\ Thomas Baruchel, Nov 09 2014
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CROSSREFS
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KEYWORD
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nonn,walk
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AUTHOR
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EXTENSIONS
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STATUS
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approved
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