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A139366
Table with the order r=r(N,n) of n modulo N, for given N and n, with gcd(N,n)=1.
4
0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 4, 4, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 6, 0, 3, 6, 0, 3, 2, 0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 1, 10, 5, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 5, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 12, 3, 6, 4, 12, 12, 4, 3, 6, 12, 2, 0, 1, 0, 6, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0
OFFSET
1,5
COMMENTS
In the table a 0 appears for 1 <= n <= N if gcd(N,n) is not 1. In particular, this is the case for the main diagonal with N > 1. Also for N=n=1 one sets r=0 because 1^m congruent to 0 (mod 1) for all m.
For given N and n with gcd(N,n)=1 the function F(N,n;a):=n^a (mod N) has period r=r(N,n): F(N,n;a+r) congruent F(N,n;a) (mod N).
The period r is used for factoring integers in quantum computing. See e.g. the Ekert and Jozsa reference.
LINKS
A. Ekert and R. Josza, Quantum computation and Shor's factoring algorithm, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 (1996) 733-753, sect. IV and Appendix A.
Wolfdieter Lang, First 15 rows and more.
FORMULA
r(N,n) is the smallest positive number with n^r == 1 (mod N), n=1..N, if gcd(N,n)=1, otherwise 0. This r is called the order of n (mod N) if gcd(N,n)=1.
EXAMPLE
Triangle begins:
[0];
[1,0];
[1,2,0];
[1,0,2,0];
[1,4,4,2,0];
...
For N=5, the order r of 3 (mod 5) is 4 because 3^1 == 3 (mod 5), 3^2 == 4 (mod 5), 3^3 == 2 (mod 5), 3^4 == 1 (mod 5). Hence F(5,3;a+4) == F(5,3;a) (mod 5).
MATHEMATICA
r[n_, k_] := If[ CoprimeQ[k, n], MultiplicativeOrder[k, n], 0]; Table[r[n, k], {n, 1, 14}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Aug 19 2013 *)
PROG
(PARI) r(N, n)=if(N<2||gcd(n, N)>1, 0, znorder(Mod(n, N)))
for(N=1, 9, for(n=1, N, print1(r(N, n)", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 18 2013
(Haskell)
a139366 1 1 = 0
a139366 n k | gcd n k > 1 = 0
| otherwise = head [r | r <- [1..], k ^ r `mod` n == 1]
a139366_row n = map (a139366 n) [1..n]
a139366_tabl = map a139366_row [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 01 2013
CROSSREFS
Cf. A036391 (row sums).
See A250211 for another version.
Sequence in context: A352514 A158944 A156663 * A049767 A286351 A091394
KEYWORD
nonn,easy,tabl,look
AUTHOR
Wolfdieter Lang, May 21 2008
STATUS
approved